1) Personality disorders (PD) consist of a loosely-bound cluster of sub-types. Which of the following common features are evident in PD? Show
2) Which of the following is the most well-known of the Personality disorders ? 3) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of individuals with paranoid personality disorder 4) An Individual with a schizotypal personality disorder will usually exhibit which of the following characteristics? 5) Which of the following is a subtype of Dramatic/Emotional Personality Disorders (Cluster B) 6) The term 'sociopath' or 'psychopath' is sometimes used to describe which type of personality disorder 7) An individual with narcissistic personality disorder will routinely overestimate their abilities and inflate their accomplishments, and this is characterized by which of the following? 8) The apparent lack of empathy and the tendency to exploit others for self-benefit, has lead psychologists to compare narcissistic personality disorder with which one of the following? 9) Which of the following are considered to be the main features of avoidant personality disorder? 10) Some clinicians have come to believe that antisocial personality disorder and social phobia are both components of a broader spectrum called: 11) An Individual with Dependent Personality Disorder will exhibit which of the following? 12) An Individual with Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder will exhibit which of the following characteristics? 13) Which of the following is NOT considered to be a risk factors for personality disorders ? 14) The formalistic similarities between Cluster A disorders and schizophrenia have led researchers to argue that they are part of a broader 15) According to psychodynamic theory which of the following is NOT deemed to be characteristic of the parents of an individual with paranoid personality disorder 16) Antisocial Personality Disorder is closely associated with criminal and antisocial behaviour. Because of this, considerable effort has been invested in attempting which of the following? 17) Personality disorders are an enduring patterns of behaviour that persist from childhood into adulthood and because of this fact, one of the best predictors of APD in adulthood is a diagnosis of 18) Behaviour of individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder often appears impulsive and unpredictable due to switching quickly and unpredictably between: 19) More recent research has linked Borderline Personality Disoder (BPD) with bipolar disorder, and the two are often comorbid. Some individuals with BPD belong to a broader: 20) Evidence suggests that individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder have a number of brain abnormalities that may give rise to impulsive behaviour. There is evidence for dysfunction in brain: 21) According to psychodynamic theory individuals are sometimes motivated to respond to the world through the perspectives they have learnt from important other people in their developmental past. This is called: 22) Psychodynamic theories of personality disorders that individuals with weak egos engage in a defence mechanism called: 23) Narcissistic personality disorder is also closely associated with antisocial personality disorder (APD),. Which of the following is not a way in narcissistic individuals will regularly act: 24) Which of the following is not usually associated with Avoidant Personality Disorder? 25) Which of the following is a particular example of psychodynamic treatment which attempts to strengthen the individual's weak ego so that they are able to address issues in their life without constantly flipping from one extreme view to another: 26) There is one particular form of therapy that has been successfully used to treat individuals with personality disorders and involves providing them with insight into their dysfunctional ways of thinking, and is designed to provide them with the necessary skills to overcome these problematic ways of thinking and behaving. Which of the following is this therapy ? 27) Cognitive behavioural therapy may be used to treat an individual with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder by challenging: 28) In the treatments of individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder a therapist may change dysfunctional schemata by: 29) Which of the following could be described as a stage of schemata therapy for personality disorder? 30) Which of the following is not a DSM-IV-TR criterion for schizoid personality disorder? 2 components in active play - rough and tumble play: active engagement in play where kids use all their muscles (e.g. wrestling) acting out roles (e.g. playing husband and wife) Pretend play helps children to practice _____, teach ________, emotion _______ skills. All of these components in pretend play helps to improve __________ formation. behaviors, cooperation, regulation, friendship In early childhood, children see ____ first, and then friends. ______ play is critical. In middle childhood, friends are based on _____ ________ (e.g. both like tennis). Friendship ______ and shared interests also become important. (e.g. Teens become more cognizant of friends and their shared interests) In adulthood, ________ becomes most important. Not based on mutual interests so much, more so on _____. Who sees popularity as the most important? (Early, middle childhood, or adolescence) Rank from least important to most important and state why. - Least important for early childhood because younger children don't understand this question. - Most important for middle childhood as they view popularity as more crucial than closer friendships. - Least important in adolescence--popularity diminishes as more value is placed on relationships. According to culture and liking, friendship trait values vary. In Shanghai, the value of shyness in a friend ______ overtime, but is still _____ in rural China. In the US, we would choose _____ friends over _________ friends. decreased, high, shy, aggressive. Popular kids are seen as? kind, trustworthy, arrogant, cool, athletic What 3 types characterize the unpopular kids? neglected, aggressive-rejected, withdrawn-rejected Neglected kids are ______ because they're just not thought of. They have a ____ interested in school because of their tendency to be forgotten. Long-term effects are minimal if _______ is provided elsewhere. Aggressive-rejected are at risk for ______ and ______ bullying/being victimized. Withdrawn-rejected are at risk for being victimized ________ and _________. These two types are actively ________/rejected, and have ______-term effects in comparison to the neglected group who has a _______. bullying, victim, initially, overtime, excluded, long, buffer. In the short-term, neglected, aggressive-rejected, and withdrawn-rejected are susceptible to _______, __________, and acting out in ___________. anxiety, depression, aggression Kids can pick up on bullies fairly early via their _______, whether or not they can be articulated. While the bullies, victim-bullies, and victims are of ______ amounts in classrooms, these kids are _______ to the other kids. Some are ___________ where they can't figure out their behavior. behaviors, small, salient, unclassifiable In the lecture's graph, the uninvolved and victim group have the _______ levels of aggression. ____________ differentiates both types of bullies (victim-bully & bully) from uninvolved. Bullies and victim bullies are more ________ to each other. lowest, aggression, similar. In adolescence, friends tend to share the same _____ and _______. Trust and _________ is critical, as the latter increases friendship intimacy and maintenance. values, backgrounds, disclosure. - clique: cluster of close friends, smaller, based on loyalty, and exclusive (e.g. mean girls clique). Embedded in... - crowd: larger group with shared interest in values. Not necessarily friends, but have share signs of identity. (e.g. cool kids, where the mean girls clique is embedded in) Peer pressure can be good/bad. It depends on the _______. Early adolescence (middle school to high school) are more susceptible to _____ ________ because of the transition period with __________ importance on social interaction. _______ and _______ changes are salient, as kids are more self-aware and self-conscious, making them more susceptible to peer pressure. peer pressure, heightened, biological, social Benefits of peers include facilitation of ______, help when ________ ends, they are an ________ that listens, and provide support. All these help to manage _______. dating, romance, audience, stressors Among adolescent-parent relationships, the classic view was that parents become ______ important to adolescents because ________ is desired. However, parents ________ their importance. In a study assessing the perception of parents, the value of parent availability remained _______ to kids in elementary school and in high school. However, the dependency of a kid on his/her parents ________ with age. Though, it doesn't drop as much as you would think in comparison to the _______ idea. important, dropped, classic According to one study that assessed the acceptability of youths openly disagreeing with their mothers, which group was consistent and low? What factor increases acceptability to disagreement? Which group is highest? What family reports greater respect for authority vs. Chinese and Filipino that say what? Mexican-American families, age, Euro-Americans, immigrant, autonomy. Across different ethnicities, there are ___ differences across the groups in ________ with parents (slight drop), and ___ differences in frequency of angry discussion as all groups report ____ levels across age; similar in the # of rules at oldest age. 2 types of parental control? - coercive: control and rules without communication (e.g. slapping, screaming, grounding if you disobey them) - parental monitoring: checking in, asking where you are going, includes after-discussions (e.g. how often you tell your parents where you'll be after school) High levels of coercive control = ______ deviancy High parental monitoring = ______ deviancy Low parental monitoring = ________ deviancy. Optimal level? high, low, high. Low coercive and high parental monitoring. HPA signals the ________ ______ to release what? pituitary glands, hormones What age do girls and boys start puberty? When are the visible signs?
What does the Tanner Stages show? Shows the physical developments of puberty from least mature to mature in males and females. What is the #1 predictor of puberty onset? What fraction does it explain for the differences across children? (Ex of menarche?) Genes. 2/3. Identical twin sisters started first period closer to each other vs. regular sisters and unrelated girls. What does the secular trend show? The age of menarche is steadily declining across time. In Western/advancedcountries, the age of menarche used to be 17 but now it's ____. There are varied results in the secular trend since 1960s, as UK and Sweden have reached their ______ _________, where their lowest age is held constant. Reason for the secular trend includes the increase in health and nutrition, but other factors include 3rd world countries that are still _______, obesity correlates with _______ age of menarche, and malnutrition causes ________ onset and thus _______ age. declining, lower, earlier, higher. ________ stress leads to earlier puberty onset, but it need not be _______. _____ stress can add up and be associated with age of onset. Being _________ delays pubertal onset. Some African countries, their age of onset is 15 with those who immigrated to ________ ________ have age of onset at 13. underweight, North America Being overweight predicts earlier puberty onset in ____ and not ____. Effects of the timing for puberty in girls includes increased ____-_______, depression, ____ ______, teen ________, and poor academic outcomes. This is because they are not fitting in with _____, sexual attention is given before they're __________ ready, and have lack of _________ about their bodies as they mature before sex edu. self-consciousness, risk taking, pregnancy, peers, psychologically, knowledge Effects of timing in puberty for boys have negative effects too. Includes aggression, poor ________ performance, and increased _____ ________. (latter 2 like girls). Reason is because they are not ready for all of the ________! They also have greater __________ to be mature despite still being a young boy. academic, risk taking, attention, expectations In late-maturing girls, short term negative affects include ______ and the long term effects are minimal. Positive effects include being sheltered from _______ ____ before they're ready. In late-maturing girls, some negative effects include ______ self-concept and increased ______ and _________. lower, anxiety, depression how "on time" you start puberty relative to your peers In the 1950s, 30-50% of schools provided info about puberty onset in a ______ manner, and presented in late _____ school/_____ high school. 97% of schools provide basic information in _____ school, separated by ______, content is highly _________. middle, gender, variable. Benefits of sex education reduces _______ reactions and _____, and increases post-puberty ________. negative, fears, adjustment In one study of reactions to puberty, those who are more knowledgable were less ________ at menarche, reported more _______ feelings. The knowledge of biology is less important that emotional response _______. (e.g. what do I do? Is this normal/okay?) knowledgable, positive, pragmatics. In Piaget's pre-operational period, children recognize objects/words that stand for something else. They use symbols to learn and interact with the world. However, they do not use ________, which explains the limitations in their abilities. (e.g. shoe ice cream) Lack of reasoning creates contraption, focus on appearance, states reasoning, and irreversibility. Define them.
One example of lack of reasoning was when children were asked whether an event was the truth or a lie. (Kevin hit his brother, and told his mom "I hit my brother." Truth or lie?) What would kids age 3-4 would say? (what about Kevin gave his sister a bear, and said "I gave her a ball". Truth or lie?) The kids would say that's a lie because of centration, they focus on lies being bad acts and truth being good acts. For the other question, the kid would say "truth" because it's a good act. They also focus on appearance. Concrete operational period (ages 7-11) Reasoning based on logic that's applied to concrete/observable and imaginable real things. External object/event needs to be present in order to manipulate it. Piaget's theory involves the reorganization of thought process based on ________ with the ________. interactions, environment By actively engaging with environment, children go through qualitative periods of development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, and concrete operational.
Limitation in Piaget's theory? What about in centration? Age of skill acquisition is younger than Piaget thought. For centration, context matters. Because kids lack theory of mind/aren't in the concrete operational stage, they believe that what they see, the experimenter can see. When kids were allowed to play in a farm context, they could engage and manipulate the context, allowing kids to understand better. True or false? Limitations to Piaget's theory include _______ interactions and _________ experiences are critical to advance development, and children gradually build knowledge as they don't go through different qualitative ________. According to Vygotsky, learning is shaped by what? Interactions with others, especially in relation to culture temporary support from anyone with more knowledge, tailored to help children master a concept Episodic memory and autobiographical memory?
Autobiographical memory is supported by ________. We teach them what's important, how to ________ memories, and how to tell a ______. scaffolding, organize, story. high scaffolding parents vs. low scaffolding parents
Children of high-scaffolding parents had an _______ age of 1st memory. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development The zone where kids learn better with someone's scaffolding, as long as it's within the kid's mental reasoning. That is, if someone is above your level that won't help you. (e.g. scaffolding for subtraction, but subtraction with carrying won't help the kid) 2 components to language in scaffolding? comprehension and production Infants and toddlers learn words by one-to-one direct matching. Define this. What happens afterwards?
In fast mapping, early preschool kids use ________ to figure out words, learn after a _______ exposure, use ______ _________ _____ to infer meaning indirectly (ie. eye gaze), and _______ learning is as rapid as ______ learning. context, single, social pragmatic cues, indirect, direct In study of DHH children and fast mapping, children associated "dax" to the ______ object. Do DHH kids fast map? What were the background differences between the novel mappers and the slow word learners? Yes, most of them. For novel mappers, the kids were exposed to consistent language input (also had parents who signed) vs. the slow learners who did not (had parents who wear hearing) Children are ready to learn the rules and structure of language from external environment (ie. grammar). True or false? children's tendency to apply grammar rules broadly (e.g. foots) Mothers are more likely to reinforce true, but grammatically ______ ideas than grammatically correct but ______ ideas. (ie. they focused on content and not grammatical structure) Correcting a kid's grammar will not work. They will pick it up later. True or false? Preschool years reflect a ________ period of language development. As long as there is ________ to language, learning of it occurs naturally. Almost every Euro. child is bilingual by age ____. In African countries, the fortunate to attend school can understand ___ languages. In US, ___% of children are regularly exposed to a 2nd language. By 2035, estimate that ___% of children growing up in California will be exposed to a non-English language. mixing words from 2 languages in the same sentences (e.g. Wo shi Jacqueline) Why do children code mix? It's what adults do in the house, they borrow words if they don't know the other, sign of creativity, and code mix when the person they're speaking to is also bilingual. In one study, monolinguals know _____ English words than bilinguals, but bilinguals' total conceptual vocabulary across languages is slightly ______ (e.g. spanish+english) 2-6 y.o. at ______ nutritional risk than other ages because they’re eating the ______ foods rather than healthy foods. Reason ties into the just-right phenomenon. ___ year olds are more overweight than ___ year olds. Indicates that problem might be _______ and not genetics for overweight children. Heart disease and diabetes are more likely. Overweight children often grow up to be overweight _____, kids get less exercise and play more video games. Adolescents aren't getting enough ___, _____, or _______ because they don’t want to eat fresh food, which is the most nutritious kind of food. ___-__% of children have a food allergy . Common ones→cow’s milk, eggs, peanut, tree nuts, soy, wheat, shellfish just right rigidity. What age does this fade? children insist on having things done in certain way (bedtime rituals/placing food in certain way). Fades at age 6. Safety and supervision is critical for kids because ________ _______ is still developing—aids in realistic assessment of risk. Lead always thought to be problematic (thought to be correlated & correlated does not equal causation), took long time for science to recognize the danger of lead as these kids were living in ____ ______ areas, causing researchers to question whether it was _______ causing the results. W/ better technology and longitudinal studies, we began to realize how bad lead is for kids. Symptoms→__________ disability (low IQ), ________, and death low income, poverty, intellectual, hyperactivity Prefrontal cortex: area at the front of the brain, specializes in planning, impulsive control, prioritizing, and reflection. It’s the _________ functioning in brain. Limited in infancy, functions in early childhood and develops in adolescence and beyond. Because the prefrontal cortex matures _______ the limbic system, early puberty means ________ rushes unchecked by ______. after, emotional, caution accounts for increase in brain weight after infancy. Process by which axons are coated with myelin (fatty substances) that speeds signals between neurons. connects left and right hemispheres and makes communication between them efficient which side of the brain is more dominant than the other (e.g. left brain for logic right brain for creativity). We know now that both sides of the brain contribute equally to certain tasks, but domination does exist. Who says that children learn through active interaction and engagement with the world in stages? focus on appearance and all obstacles to logic in early childhood (states reasoning, contraption, egocentrism, irreversibility) when kids say the taller glass of water has more water when in actuality both glasses of water are the same. concrete operational period children can think logically about concrete things but have difficulty with abstract/hypothetical concepts (e.g. they know 2+3, but have trouble with 2x+2y) Who says that learning is accompanied by interaction with others and culture? imitating meaningless habits (e.g. study with Bushman children in Africa and Australian children--kids waved stick 3 times to open box despite learning it how to open it the easier way) theory-theory. What do proponents say about this? theory about how kids construct theories about the world. Proponents say we do this because humans naturally seek reasons and causes for their experiences. Theory of mind is not often achieved before age ___. 3 mountain task is not that accurate because if kids are given something that's _______/_______ to them, they will do better at the task. Kids with more ________ theory of mind are better _____. What is the reason for the language explosion from 2-6 years of age? fast mapping : imprecise, mental categorization of words Child centered programs stress _________ and _______ expression. children need structured, individualized projects to have sense of accomplishment. Focuses on literary related tasks. encouraged to master tool-using skills (e.g. scissors), not taught in North America until age 7. Encourage learning of arts. What program stresses academics, step-by-step learning and repetition with reinforcement and punishment, and is influenced by behaviorism? Goal of Head Start is to lift families out of _______. Strongest benefits were increase in _________ and ______ ______, but by elementary school other kids caught up to the Head Start kids. Students in ___ SES benefitted more from Head Start than other students. poverty, language, social skills, low Out of all the teacher programs, which one is better? Despite that, what 3 things are basic needs for children's learning? Child-centered. As long as kids get personal attention, consistency, and continuity, the kid will learn fine. That's why communication between teacher and parent is important. umbrella category that describes ability to express, describe, and recognize emotions (expressing emotion in appropriate ways, seeing others that are happy/sad) ___________ is important for emotion competence. Often done by children’s parents/other caregivers (e.g. “What are you feeling, why are you feeling that way? You look angry because of this.” Parents teach kids what these different emotions feel like.) bilingual adults have advantage on ____ _______ and response ______. Biggest benefit isn't psychological, it's in the ______ lives. task switching, inhibition, broader Rapid development in learning language as long as exposure to _____, ________, and _______. vocal, grammar, semantics socio-emotional development process when individuals/children become integrated into larger society and differentiated as distinctive individuals (ie. children learning standards and rules of society, and how they develop patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving) understanding, expressing, regulating one's feelings and recognizing emotions in others What's essential to mental health and self-control? ____ _______ predicts aggressive and difficulties in peers. ability to control expression & experience of emotion. The rudimentary forms of emotion regulation is evident _____ (E.g. sucking thumb to soothe emotions), and we are heavily dependent on ______ for regulation (e.g. attachment as our secure base; mother soothing baby after crying) In emotion regulation, the number and duration of emotional outbursts _______ over early-childhood. Emotion regulation is heavily influenced by _______. Such _______ provides comfort, labels emotions, and directs attention to help children cope and teach them skills.
Maltreatment occurs because...? parents may not understand emotional situation or don't talk to kids about emotions, causes, and consequences. Maltreated children have ____-_______ to emotional displays, overreact with ______ and _______ when evoked, have difficulty understanding others ________, and are socially withdrawn. hyper-sensitivity, aggression, hostility, emotions In Dodge's study of emotional competence and maltreatment, why did the violence-exposed children see aggressive pictures as positive with positive outcomes? How did violence-exposed children see ambiguous pictures? Because they thought it was okay to be aggressive and angry. With the ambiguous pictures, children identified irrelevant cues, over-labeled hostility and anger vs. the controls. ability to control when and how emotions are expressed. emotion regulation is an important psychosocial task between ages __-__. initiative vs. guilt, and intrinsic & extrinsic motivation
externalizing vs. internalizing
Boys have _____ rates of psychopathology for children under age 10. empathy and antipathy. How do both processes occur?
prosocial behavior? What is needed for this? anti-social behavior? actions that are helpful and kind but have no benefit to the person doing them. Emotional regulation is needed---if you're always angry you won't perform prosocial behavior. Anti social behavior is when you deliberately do things to hurt others or are destructive. Instrumental, reactive, relational aggression
period of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation ages for precocious puberty and late puberty? before 8 years old, and after 16 years old. What are the influences of timing of puberty? What is the most influential one? Genes, ethnicity, body fat, and gender. Genes is the most influential. ______ can cause earlier puberty. primary vs. secondary sex characteristics
Adolescent thought includes egocentrism, personal fable, invincibility fable, imaginary audience, and formal operational thought. Define all.
entity vs. incremental approach to intelligence
identity vs. role confusion? how is this solved? when individual tires to figure out who they are and what their role is. Solved by identity achievement:reconsider goals of parents and culture, picking and choosing which traits to adopt and discard in order to mold their own identity. Marcia's identity stages: role confusion, identity foreclosure, moratorium
hopelessness, sadness, worthlessness that lasts 2 weeks or more Clinical depression is manifested in ______ disorders, peer problems, and ____-______. 1 in 5 girls and 1 in 10 boys have depression during adolescence. True or false? What is it due to? True. May be due to genes, as this serotonin gene is prevalent in girls which causes their depression. Boys with the gene only have depression if they're from low SES backgrounds. rumination. What can it contribute to? Who is more common in?
talking about or replaying past experiences. Can contribute to depression, more common in girls. 19% of girls thought about suicide, __% of boys thought about suicide. 10% of girls did parasuicide while _% of boys did. 2 causes of increase in crime during adolescence
Prevalence and incidence of drug use increases every year from age 10-25, but decreases after that. What's the one exception? Inhalants--easier to get than other drugs. Use before age 18 predicts later abuse. Use of most drugs decreased in US since 1976, but use of ________ drugs and _________ drugs has increased. Boys are more likely than girls to use more _____, and more often. Girls are more likely to drink ______ at younger ages than boys. What type of person has a work psychopathology involving open hostility and aggression?Type III: People who are characterized predominantly by open hostility and aggression. Type IV: People who are characterized by marked dependency. These people often exhibit the characteristic of helplessness.
Which of these represents a Type B personality characteristic?People with Type B personality traits are relaxed, less stressed, flexible, emotional and expressive, and have a laid-back attitude.
Which of the following is a personal influence factor on job related stress?Personal Influences on Stress
The second major influence on job-related stress can be found in the employees themselves. As such, we will examine three individual-difference factors as they influence stress at work: (1) personal control, (2) Type A personality, and (3) rate of life change.
Which of the following is an individual strategy for coping with work related stress?Physical Exercise.
Because part of the cause of the fatigue resulting from stress is the body's physical reaction, exercise can be an effective means of enabling the body to more effective deal with the physical components of stress. Regular exercise can be an important and effective individual strategy.
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A ______ person has a work psychopathology involving open hostility and aggression.
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