According to the text, animal models may be considered ethical for psychological research if

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Are animal models useful?
Do the positives associated with using animal models outweigh the negatives?
Are animal experiments necessary?
Is it ethical to use animals in research?
Should the use of animals in research be a mandatory part of modern progressive science?
Why animals should not be used in psychological research?
Which of the following is a true statement about the use of deception in psychological research?
What is the responsibility of a researcher who conducts psychological studies on animals?
How research involving humans or animals is regulated?

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Abstract

Informed consent is the most essential part of research ethics. The requirement to explain an experiment to the participants who provide tissues/information in order to obtain their voluntary consent is absolutely necessary in any research project. It is an expression of respect regarding the autonomy of the person who participates in the experiment. Why and how is informed consent required and what if some information is intentionally withheld to facilitate the participation? This paper will briefly review the history of informed consent, discuss the components of an ethically valid informed consent and examine deception in research. Sometimes, deception is used in Social, Behavioral and Educational Research (SBER) in order to obtain accuracy information. Can this be justified? There is no doubt that, for some psychological and sociological experiments, the less the subjects know the better. The Bystander Apathy Experiment and the Milgram Experiment will be used here as examples that are discussed and analyzed. In general, deception is not acceptable in human studies. Occasionally, it is necessary to mislead the participants who are subjects of a study in order to obtain unbiased information. The Institute Review Board (IRB) must review very carefully the proposals that use deception or misrepresentation. The reasons that deception is necessary for the study purpose need to be justified in depth and there must be provision in the procedures to protect the participants. When the study is completed, it is essential that a debriefing by the investigator is provided that explains any deception or incomplete disclosure involved; this should also help the subjects to deal with any distress or discomfort experienced in the research.

Keywords

Autonomy

Debriefing

Deception

Informed consent

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The use of animals in scientific research has long been the subject of heated debate. On the one hand it is considered morally wrong to use animals in this way solely for human benefit.

On the other hand, removing animals completely from the lab would impede our understanding of health and disease, and consequently affect the development of new and vital treatments. Although sometimes these studies do reduce the quality of life of these animals, thorough regulations are in place to ensure that they are carried out in a humane way.

To help minimise the harm animals may experience while being studied in the laboratory, researchers are required to follow a set of principles, the ‘three Rs’. These are:

Replace: Replacing, where possible, experiments using animals with alternative techniques such as cell culture, computer modelling or human volunteers instead of animals.
Reduce: Reducing the number of animals used, by improving experimental techniques and sharing information with other researchers so that the same experiments aren’t being done by many people.
Refine: Refining the way the animals are cared for to help minimise any stress or pain, by using less invasive techniques where possible and improving medical care and living conditions.

Below you can find many of the arguments being made for and against the use of animals in the laboratory, some you are probably already aware of and some you may not have thought about… what do you think?

Are animal models useful?
Do the positives associated with using animal models outweigh the negatives?
Are animal experiments necessary?
Is it ethical to use animals in research?
Should the use of animals in research be a mandatory part of modern progressive science?

Are animal models useful?

Yes

Scientists have been able to advance their knowledge of human and animal health and disease dramatically by studying model organisms.
Antibiotics, insulin, vaccines, organ transplantation and HIV treatment have all been developed with the help of experiments involving animals.
Research using animals has contributed to 70 per cent of Nobel Prizes for Physiology or Medicine.
Animals play a small but vital role in medical research that brings hope to many people with conditions such as cancer, heart failure and Alzheimer’s disease.

No

No animal model is ever perfect and there are still many differences between model organisms and humans.
Humans and animals don’t always react in the same way to a drug. The reason that some medicines do not make it to market is that despite passing tests in animals they then fail in humans.
Some people will say that that animals have not been as critical to medicine as is generally claimed.

Do the positives associated with using animal models outweigh the negatives?

Yes

The use of animals in research is essential for enabling researchers to develop new drugs and treatments.
The use of animals in the lab has dramatically improved scientists’ understanding of human biology and health.
Animal models help ensure the effectiveness and safety of new treatments.
Alternative methods of research do not simulate humans and whole body systems in the same way and are not as reliable.

No

Many animals are used for experiments and then killed.
It is expensive to use model organisms as the animals must be purchased and then fed, housed and cared for.
Some people will consider using animals in the lab to be immoral.

Are animal experiments necessary?

Yes

Some diseases, such as asthma and cystic fibrosis, involve very complex physiological processes that can only be studied in a whole, living animal. Until there is a cell that can be studied individually and can exhibit human-like responses, animals are necessary.
Legally, all drugs have to be tested on animals for safety before they can be used in humans.
Where there are reliable alternatives in scientific research, animals are not used. There must always be a very clear scientific reason for research on animals to be considered.
Through testing on animals we are able to ensure any risks of a drug are identified and minimised before it is tested on humans during clinical trials. This helps to reduce side effects and human fatalities.

No

There is no need to cause pain and suffering to animals when sophisticated computer systems, mathematical models, human tissue and cell cultures and more focused clinical studies can also show us what happens to our bodies during disease.

Is it ethical to use animals in research?

Yes

The UK has gone further than any other country to implement thorough ethical frameworks when it comes to animals in research. The Animals Act of 1986 ensures that any research using animals must be fully assessed in terms of any harm to the animals. This involves detailed examination of the procedures and the number and type of animals used.
The use of animals in research is never undertaken lightly. Researchers working with animals carry out their experiments with extreme care to eliminate or minimise suffering.
Whenever possible painkillers and anaesthetics are used to manage pain , in the same way it is when an animal visits a vet.
To stop animal research would also be unethical as it would dramatically affect the development of new knowledge and flow of treatments to those with health conditions who desperately need them.
The alternative to using animals in the lab would be to test new drugs in humans. It would be very difficult for researchers to find willing volunteers who would be able to provide informed consent to been involved in testing a new drug that hadn’t first been tested on animals.
Far fewer animals are used in scientific research than are killed for humans to eat. It has been estimated that 2.5 billion animals are consumed in the UK each year. This is around 700 times more animals than the number used in scientific research.

No

Over 4 million animal procedures are currently carried out each year for UK biomedical research.
Animals feel pain and fear just as we do.
If we accept that animals have rights then if an experiment violates the rights of an animal, it is morally wrong and any possible benefits to humanity are completely irrelevant.
Certain harm versus potential harm. The harm done to human beings by not experimenting on animals is unknown, whereas the harm done to animals if they are tested on is certain.

Should the use of animals in research be a mandatory part of modern progressive science?

Yes

Currently animal testing is a compulsory, legal part of drug testing.
Animal studies are always used alongside other types of research such as cell cultures, computer modelling and human clinical trials.
Using animals in research has long been a crucial part of science and has enabled our understanding of how we function to progress in leaps and bounds.

No

Eventually, it should be optional to use animals in drug testing.
More funding should be put into developing alternatives to experiments using animals.
Just because we undertake animal testing now doesn’t mean we shouldn’t challenge how scientific research is done in the future.

This page was last updated on 2017-03-03

Why animals should not be used in psychological research?

All major reasons for failure in clinical trials can be attributed to the use of animal models, which due to inherent genetic differences, do not accurately reflect safety or efficacy endpoints in humans.

Which of the following is a true statement about the use of deception in psychological research?

The correct answer is c. Deception is allowed as long as it is justifiable and participants are debriefed appropriately. The use of deception can in certain cases enable psychologists to find information that would be difficult to do so without it.

What is the responsibility of a researcher who conducts psychological studies on animals?

Responsibility for minimising the risk of suffering and improving animal welfare (Refine) Researchers are responsible for assessing the expected effect on laboratory animals. Researchers must minimise the risk of suffering and provide good animal welfare.

How research involving humans or animals is regulated?

Research involving human subjects is governed by various federal regulations, state laws, institutional based policies, and whenever applicable, accreditation standards.