Explain the theory of endosymbiosis and give three (3 pieces of evidence that supports it)

Understanding:

•  The origin of eukaryotic cells can be explained by the endosymbiotic theory

    
An endosymbiont is a cell which lives inside another cell with mutual benefit

Eukaryotic cells are believed to have evolved from early prokaryotes that were engulfed by phagocytosis

The engulfed prokaryotic cell remained undigested as it contributed new functionality to the engulfing cell (e.g. photosynthesis)

Over generations, the engulfed cell lost some of its independent utility and became a supplemental organelle

Overview of the Process of Endosymbiosis

Evidence for Endosymbiosis

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are both organelles suggested to have arisen via endosymbiosis

Evidence that supports the extracellular origins of these organelles can be seen by looking at certain key features:

• Membranes (double membrane bound)
• Antibiotics (susceptibility)
• Division (mode of replication)
• DNA (presence and structural composition)
• Ribosomes (size)

Mnmemonic:  MAD DR  (mad doctor)

Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Evidence

Evidence of endosymbiotic theory support that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotic cells. In this article, 10 evidence of endosymbiotic theory is discussed that support the endosymbiotic theory and show how eukaryotic cells originated from bacteria.

Question is- how mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble with bacteria or what are the evidences that mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from bacteria.

• What is the Endosymbiotic theory?
• 10 Evidence of endosymbiotic theory:
  • i) Presence of DNA:
  • ii) Size of Ribosomes:
  • iii) Inhibition by antibiotics:
  • iv) Evolutionary relationship:
  • v) Same size:
  • vi) Plasma-Membrane:
  • vii) Enzyme secretion:
  • viii) Replication and protein synthesis:
  • ix) Bacterial binary fission:
  • x) Electron transport chain:

What is the Endosymbiotic theory?

Endosymbiotic theory stats that, the modern eukaryotic cells (mitochondria) evolved in steps through inter-cooperation into cells from a nuclear line of descendants of chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic symbionts.

It states that Mitochondria and Chloroplast were free-living bacteria that established residency in the primitive eukaryotic cells, eventually yielding the modern eukaryotic cell.

Symbiosis is a specific type of relationship in which organisms from two different species live in a close, dependent relationship take advantage of each other.

Endosymbiosis is a relationship where one organism lives inside the other and both are benefited. It is thought that ancestral eukaryotic cells consumed aerobic bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria leading them to evolve into mitochondria and chloroplast respectively.

On the basis of their relative autonomy and morphological resemblance to bacteria, it was suggested long ago that mitochondria and chloroplast were descendants of ancient prokaryotic organisms.

The theory postulate that an aerobic bacteria established residency within the cytoplasm of a primitive eukaryotic cell. This bacterium would represent the precursor of the present mitochondrion.

In a similar fashion, the endosymbiotic uptake of an oxygenic phototrophic prokaryote would have made the primitive eukaryotic photosynthesis. This phototrophic bacterium would then be considered the precursor of the present chloroplast.

i) Presence of DNA:

Mitochondria and Chloroplast DNA exists in closed circular form as it does in a prokaryotic cell. This DNA of the chloroplast is very similar to photosynthetic blue-green bacteria, while the mitochondrion DNA is very similar to the aerobic bacteria. Both organelles lack histones and introns like bacteria.

ii) Size of Ribosomes:

Ribosome exists either in a larger form (the 80s), typical of the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells or smaller form (70s), unique to prokaryotes. Mitochondria and Chloroplast’s ribosome are the 70s in size, the same as those of prokaryotes.

iii) Inhibition by antibiotics:

Several antibiotics kill or inhibit bacteria by disrupting their 70s ribosomal function. The same antibiotics also inhibit ribosomal function in mitochondria and chloroplast. Like bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplast are sensitive to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, etc.

iv) Evolutionary relationship:

Phylogenetic analyses using the ribosomal RNA sequencing method, convincingly suggested that mitochondria and chloroplast are evolutionarily related to bacteria. The sequence comparison of mitochondria and chloroplast show that mitochondria came from bacterial lines related to alpha-proteobacteria and chloroplast originated from cyanobacteria.

v) Same size:

Mitochondria and chloroplast are the same in size as bacteria. The size of bacteria is commonly 0.1-10 micrometers, while the size of mitochondria and chloroplast is 0.5-10 micrometers and 1- 10 micrometers respectively.

vi) Plasma-Membrane:

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by two or more membranes like bacteria. Mitochondria have a double membrane that is a phospholipid bilayer. Chloroplast has three membranes outer membrane inner membrane, and thylakoid membrane. Gram-positive bacteria have a plasma membrane and a cell wall although gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane.

vii) Enzyme secretion:

Mitochondria and chloroplast secrete several enzymes like bacteria. For example, mitochondria secrete monoamine oxidase, kynurenine hydroxylase, c-reductase fatty acid Co-A ligase, ATP synthase, etc. Chloroplast enzymes include ATP synthase, NADP-malate dehydrogenase fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, phosphoribulokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, etc.

SEE MORE:

Chloroplast | Function, Location, & Diagram

viii) Replication and protein synthesis:

Like bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts can replicate their genome and translate it to protein. Protein synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplast takes place by N-formyl methionyl tRNA that resembles bacterial protein synthesis.

ix) Bacterial binary fission:

Mitochondria and chloroplast are divided by binary fission like bacteria. Like bacterial binary fission, mitochondria and chloroplast also replicate their genome and divide into two new organelles.

x) Electron transport chain:

The electron transport chain is one of the most important evidence of endosymbiotic theory.

Like bacterial electron transport chains that occurred in the bacterial plasma membrane, mitochondria and chloroplast have also an electron transport chain occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane and thylakoid membrane of chloroplast respectively.

See more:

10 Importance of Microbiology in Everyday Life

Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Mitochondria

What are 3 pieces of evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory?

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