An economic and business method for analyzing the attractiveness of making a foreign direct investment Show
What is the Eclectic Paradigm?Based on the internalization theory of British economist J.H Dunning, the eclectic paradigm is an economic and business method for analyzing the attractiveness of making a foreign direct investment (FDI). The eclectic paradigm model follows the OLI framework. The framework follows three tiers – ownership, location, and internalization.  The eclectic paradigm assumes that companies are not likely to follow through with a foreign direct investment if they can get the service or product provided internally and at lower costs. Summary
Ownership AdvantageThe ownership advantage can also be seen as the competitive advantage that comes with the FDI. Ownership, in this instance, can be defined as the proprietorship of a unique and valuable resource that cannot easily be imitated, thereby creating a competitive advantage against potential foreign competitors. The intrinsic disadvantages or challenges associated with FDIs, in terms of ownership, circle around the liabilities that come with foreignness since the potential investor is a non-native in the country that the FDI will be made. The challenges can include (but are not limited to) possible language barriers or lack of knowledge of the demand trends that are common among the local consumer markets. Companies and their management teams normally need to consider the possibilities of transference of the competitive advantage to other foreign markets in order to counterbalance the liabilities mentioned above. Ideally, an attractive investment should include notable economies of scale, a sound reputation, and a well-known brand name, advanced technology, etc. Location AdvantageThe potential business host countries being considered for FDIs must present numerous competitive advantages; location is one of them. The location advantage focuses more on the geographic advantages of the host country or countries. An example of a geographic advantage can be access to the ocean (for sea freight or other purposes) versus a land-locked country. Other location advantages can include low-cost labor and raw materials, lower taxes and other tariffs, a well-trained labor force, etc. Normally, the Porter’s diamond model can be used to evaluate location advantages. Companies and their management teams normally need to consider whether any location advantages, as mentioned above, exist in the market they wish to enter. Should the advantages exist, the companies can consider taking on the investment through an FDI or other pathways (e.g., franchising or licensing) provided that there is a demand in the foreign markets. Internalization AdvantageIn order for companies to choose which investment pathway or method is best suited for their needs, their management team must analyze the internalization advantage. They normally need to consider whether it would be more sensible to get the value chain activity performed locally with their own team or outsource it to a foreign country. The advantages of outsourcing from different countries can include (but are not limited to) lower costs and better skills to perform the value chain activities and/or better knowledge of the local markets. In such a case, management can choose between two options on how to proceed. It can either outsource its production to an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) or license its product design to an independent foreign company If the company does so, however, it should keep control over its activities and engage in FDI. It can be done by starting from scratch through a greenfield investment, entering into joint ventures with local partners, or purchasing existing local companies. More ResourcesCFI is the official provider of the global Commercial Banking & Credit Analyst (CBCA)™ certification program, designed to help anyone become a world-class financial analyst. To keep advancing your career, the additional CFI resources below will be useful:
Why is FDI better than licensing?If competition from a licensee in one market erodes the licensor's profits in other markets, it may find FDI to be a more profitable option than licensing. Since relative to exclusive licensing inward FDI increases competition, host-industry welfare is higher under FDI than under exclusive licensing.
Which theory seeks to explain why firms often prefer FDI over licensing as a strategy for entering foreign markets?Internalization theory seeks to explain why firms often prefer foreign direct investment over licensing as a strategy for entering foreign markets.
How is FDI different from licensing?Under FDI, it establishes a wholly owned subsidiary that competes with the domestic firm, whereas under licensing it licenses its technol- ogy to the domestic firm in exchange for a fee.
In which of the following situations would FDI improve the current account?In which of the following situations would FDI improve the current account of the host country's balance of payments? Indirect effects of the FDI arise when jobs are created in local suppliers as a result of the FDI and when jobs are created because of increased local spending by employees of the MNE.
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In which situation does the internalization theory recommend fdi as opposed to licensing?
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