The minimal difference that can be detected between two similar stimuli is called the ________.

1) Individuals act and react on the basis of ________, not on the basis of ________.

C) their perceptions; objective reality

2) Which of the following products is likely the most difficult to position or differentiate clearly from competition?

3) The process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world is known as ________.

4) ________ can simply be described as "how we see the world around us."

5) ________ is(are) the immediate and direct response of the sensory organs to stimuli.

6) Products, packages, brand names, advertisements, and commercials are examples of ________.

7) As sensory input ________, our ability to detect changes in input or intensity ________.

8) The point at which a person can detect a difference between "something" and "nothing" is that person's ________ for that stimulus.

9) Two people driving together may spot a billboard at different times. This means they have different ________.

10) John drives by the same billboard every day on his way to work. He has seen the billboard so many times, that he no longer notices it. This is an example of ________.

11) Sensory adaptation is of concern to national advertisers, who try to continuously change their advertising campaigns. They are concerned that consumers will ________.

12) Some TV ads decrease sensory input by using silence in their ads to generate attention. This is a form of advertising used in order to overcome ________.

13) The minimal difference that can be detected between two similar stimuli is called the ________.

B) differential threshold

14) Weber's law states that ________.

C) the stronger the initial stimulus, the greater the second stimulus must be to exceed the j.n.d.

15) Which of the following is true of j.n.d.?

E) Increasing prices below consumers' j.n.d. is likely to go unnoticed by consumers.

16) A stimulus may be too faint or brief to be consciously seen or heard, such as a deeply embedded or a very briefly flashed image, but may still be perceived by one or more sensory receptor cell. This is called ________.

17) ________ are the two kinds of inputs that interact to form individual perceptions.

D) Physical stimuli and predispositions based on previous experience

18) Which of the following is true of the relationship between consumers' perceptions and their expectations?

D) Consumers tend to perceive products and product attributes according to their own expectations.

19) Which of the following is true of the relationship between consumers' perceptions and their motives?

D) The stronger the consumer's need, the greater the tendency to pay attention to related stimuli in the environment.

20) ________ is a concept related to perception. People actively seek out messages that they find pleasant and actively avoid painful or threatening ones.

21) After buying a Mini Cooper, Kate began paying more attention to advertisements for Mini and spent more time on websites reading about how much Mini drivers love their cars. This is an example of ________.

22) ________ refers to consumers' heightened awareness of stimuli that meet their needs or interests, and minimal awareness of stimuli irrelevant to their needs.

23) Listening to the radio on the way home from work, Paul is particularly aware of an ad for McDonalds because he is getting hungry. This is an example of ________.

24) Consumers subconsciously screen out stimuli that they find psychologically threatening, even though exposure has already taken place. This is consistent with the perception factor of ________.

25) Which of the following is true of selective perception?

B) Consumers selectively expose themselves to advertisements that reassure them of the wisdom of their purchase decisions.

26) Canada requires tobacco firms to feature graphic health warnings on cigarette packs. In a perception context, this is to try to combat ________ where people no longer pay attention to the warning labels on packets.

27) Consumers need to protect themselves from being bombarded with stimuli by simply tuning out such stimuli from their conscious awareness. This is known as ________.

28) Joe passes many billboards on his way to work, but rarely even recognizes that they are there because he is paying attention to the road. By blocking the stimuli of the billboards from his conscious awareness, Joe is engaging in ________.

29) In the figure and ground principle of Gestalt psychology, ________.

E) the ground is usually perceived as indefinite, hazy, and continuous

30) In product placement scenarios, marketers place an advertised product into a TV show or film by having it used by the cast, integrated into the plot, or associated with a character. In product placements, the product is considered the ________ and the show is the ________.

31) To simplify life, people have a natural tendency to select stimuli from the environment and organize them into groups and perceive them as a unified whole. In a perception context, this is known as ________.

D) perceptual organization

32) Individuals express their need for ________ by organizing their perceptions so that they form a complete picture.

33) When stimuli are highly ambiguous, an individual will usually ________.

C) interpret them according to one's own needs, wishes and interests

34) When one retailer put a picture of an aloe vera leaf and the wording "aloe vera" on the surface of the mattress, consumers assumed that aloe vera was a component of the mattress cover and the retailer had great difficulty dispelling this misconception. This is an example of ________.

C) the persistence of first impressions

35) Marketers take advantage of ________ when they extend a brand name associated with one line of products to another.

36) In 2009, the Axe brand launched a line of hair care products to complement its existing assortment of body washes and deodorants, hoping to leverage the Axe brand equity to expand into a new category of men's personal care products. This is an example of a manufacturer taking advantage of ________.

37) The essence of successful marketing is the image that a product has in the mind of the consumer, that is, its ________.

38) ________ creates an overall image of the company around which multiple products can be featured individually.

39) ________ enables marketers to determine how their products or services appear to consumers in relation to competitive brands.

40) Wal-Mart is a cost-leader in terms of its highly efficient supply chain and its ability to negotiate steep volume discounts from manufacturers. The retailer executes ________ by passing those savings on to consumers in the form of lower prices.

41) ________ provides value by sharing with consumers the cost savings that the company has achieved by reducing the cost of providing the service

42) ________ provides value by recognizing and reducing customers' perceptions of uncertainty and is particularly valuable in service settings due to the intangible nature of the product.

A) Satisfaction-based pricing

43) Garden Masters offers a 30-day money-back guarantee to reduce the perceived risk of purchasing a new lawn mower. This is an example of ________.

A) satisfaction-based pricing

44) The Enthusiast magazine offers a discount over newsstand prices for readers who subscribe for 1 year, and even greater discounts for readers who pay for a 2-year subscription. This is an example of ________.

45) ________ provides value by encouraging long-term relationships with the company that customers view as beneficial.

46) A ________ is any price that a consumer uses as a basis for comparison in judging another price.

47) ________ are those prices currently offered at other retail outlets, whereas ________ are those prices retrieved by the consumer from memory.

A) External reference prices; internal reference prices

48) Packaging, pricing, and advertising are examples of ________.

D) extrinsic characteristics

49) Which of the following is true of services?

B) Services are simultaneously produced and consumed.

50) Consumers tend to use price as a surrogate indicator of quality if ________.

A) they have little information with which to make their purchase decision

51) The purpose of institutional advertising is to ________.

C) boost the corporate image

52) When consumers buy the most expensive model to mitigate the risk of purchasing a poorly performing product, they are using ________ to minimize their risk.

D) the price/quality relationship

53) Low-risk perceivers have been described as broad categorizers and tend to ________.

A) make their choices from a wide range of alternatives

54) Barry has avoided purchasing a new laptop because prices keep falling and he is worried that, if he buys a laptop today, the same laptop will be cheaper in six months. Barry perceives ________ associated with the purchase of a new laptop.

55) Alice needs a new cell phone, but is anxious about which phone she should buy. Many of her friends own popular phone models but complain about lost calls, short battery life, and poor predictive text functionality. While she has identified several attractive phone models, she doesn't feel like she can really try the phones out in such an artificial setting and is nervous that she might pick a phone that doesn't work as well as she had hoped. Alice perceives ________ associated with the purchase of a new phone.

56) ________ is the risk that the time and effort spent in product search may be wasted if the product does not perform as expected.

57) In the CELL PHONE MINI CASE, Hype's advertisements engage the attention of audiences by playing on their need for ________. A) closure

58) In the CELL PHONE MINI CASE, Hype's placement of advertisements in bathroom stalls is an attempt to overcome consumers' ________ by placing ads in unexpected and nontraditional places, where consumers are not preconditioned to tune out advertising stimuli

59) In the CELL PHONE MINI CASE, Mobile Power's money-back guarantee and warrantee are a form of ________ pricing.

60) In the CELL PHONE MINI CASE, Mobile Power's money-back guarantee is an attempt to help mitigate consumers' perception of ________.

61) In the CELL PHONE MINI CASE, Mobile Power's warrantee is an attempt to help mitigate consumers' perception of ________.

62) In the SAUCE MINI CASE, Ragu chose to launch some of its most successful flavors in the new pouch packaging format in order to take advantage of ________ to gain quick customer acceptance of the new format

63) In the SAUCE MINI CASE, if consumers fail to notice the price difference between the pouch and jar formats of Ragu sauces, the price discrepancy is said to fall below consumers' ________.

A) differential threshold

64) In the SAUCE MINI CASE, by packaging its most popular sauce flavors in the pouch format, instead of new flavors, Ragu is seeking to minimize consumers' perception of ________.

65) In the SAUCE MINI CASE, by packaging its most popular sauce flavors in the pouch format, instead of new flavors, Ragu is trying to appeal to ________.

66) In the SAUCE MINI CASE, if Ragu paid to have the mothers in a television sitcom use Ragu pouches while cooking dinner during an episode of a show, this would be an example of ________.

67) In the JUICE MINI CASE, Fruit Fusions is taking advantage of ________ in extending its brand name association to its new juice line as a means of increasing consumer acceptance of the new product.

68) In the JUICE MINI CASE, Fruit Fusions only sells its new juice line through high-end grocery stores and lunch boutiques in an effort to create a high-end reputation for its juice line through ________.

69) In the JUICE MINI CASE, Fruit Fusions' print ads are meant to draw a reader's attention through ________.

C) figure-and-ground relationships

70) In the JUICE MINI CASE, Fruit Fusions explores consumers' ________ in order to determine the best price for its new fruit drinks.

D) internal reference prices

71) In the JUICE MINI CASE, Fruit Fusions places its advertisements in magazines focused on health and wellness under the assumption that people reading such magazines are interested in health foods and are more likely to notice the Fruit Fusions ad there than while reading a magazine focused on news and entertainment. This phenomenon is known as ________.

What is the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected half of the time?

What is absolute threshold and difference threshold?

What is the smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected?

What term is used to describe the smallest difference needed to differentiate between to stimuli?