1. Foreword Janis M. Winchester, Editor This inaugural edition of the Journal of the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners represents a new step in the field of Forensic Science. We are pleased to provide a peer reviewed compilation of papers presented at forensic science meetings, original research and technical notes concerning the field of Forensic Document Examination. Many individuals have contributed to the accomplishments of this first edition. Pulling together a new Journal requires a considerable amount of coordination. We appreciate the authors whose works are represented in this issue, and look forward to presenting the other scientific papers that are still in progress in future editions. 2. Editorial: A Brief History of the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners James V. P. Conroy The American Society of Questioned Document Examiners (ASQDE), formally established on September 2, 1942, is the oldest and most prestigious organization of questioned d... Show PAIMALAN I RAMOS Criminologist Licensure Examination LECTURE with Q and A arranged by Sub-Subjects (1998-2019) in CRIMINALISTICS QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION DACTYLOSCOPY (PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION) I FORENSIC BALLISTICS I FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY I DECEPTION DETECTION (POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION) I QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION I MEDICO LEGAL I FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY I FORENSIC CHEMISTRY By Raymart S. Paimalan Charlemagne James P. Ramos About the Contributor RAYMART SIANO PAIMALAN obtained his Bachelor of Science in Criminology from Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences College of Criminal Justice Education in 2016 and subsequently passed the October 2016 Criminologist Licensure Examination with the rating of 86.15. He is currently committed in the Lecture Sessions at What Criminologist Knows? and focuses on the field of CRIMINALISTICS. Sir Raymart S. Paimalan Registered Criminologist / Physical Scientist / Writer About the Contributor CHARLEMAGNE JAMES P. RAMOS obtained his Bachelor of Science in Criminology from Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences College of Criminal Justice Education in 2013 and subsequently passed the October 2013 Criminologist Licensure Examination with the rating of 88.05. At the young age he became a former professor at the same school and a national lecturer to various review centers in the Philippines. His passion in teaching lead him to do writings and a vast of opus and treatise that would help the candidates of the Licensure Examination. Aside from writing and teaching at his own coaching sessions he is also currently completing his degree in Juris Doctor at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Law. The experience he gained for being a lecturer and striker in every session of the Criminologist Licensure Examination makes him specialized in training candidates of the Criminology Licensure Examination evidence are the Registered Criminologist of various schools he had produced in the first row of years in the practice as a Criminologist. Sir Charlemagne James P. Ramos Criminologist / Review Director / Writer / Author C.L.E BOARD SUBJECTS Criminal Law and Jurisprudence Law Enforcement and Administration Criminalistics Crime Detection and Investigation Crim Socio Correctional Administration 20% 20% 20% 15% 15% 10% 100% CLE Lecture Series CRIMINALISTICS QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION “NO TWO PRODUCTS OF MAN OR NATURE ARE IDENTICAL, AND DIFFERENCES ARE PERCEPTIBLE IF A SUFFICIENTLY CLOSE STUDY IS MADE.” By Raymart S. Paimalan Registered Criminologist PART THREE QUESTION DOCUMENT EXAMINATION “ NO TWO PRODUCTS OF MAN OR NATURE ARE IDENTICAL, AND DIFFERENCES ARE PERCEPTIBLE IF A SUFFICIENTLY CLOSE STUDY IS MADE.” FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION Brief History Third Century The time of Titus and Anthony “Jurists established protocols for the determination of forgery and the manner in which forgeries were to be detected.” Sixth Century Justinian Code “Established further guidelines for the using of handwriting comparisons in the courts. A judge could in his discretion request persons with special skill in writing to perform an examination of questioned writing and give testimony as the authenticity of the questioned text.” • GILBERT THOMPSON 1882 Gilbert Thompson of the U.S geological survey in New Mexico, used his owned thumb print on a document to prevent forgery This is the first known use of fingerprint in the united states . Fast forward to the United States 1887 Bell v Brewster (10 N.E 679, 44 Ohio St. 690) The Ohio Supreme Court recognized the importance of handwriting as a means of identifying person Utilizing standards of comparison, expert comparative analysis and opinion testimony regarding writing to established questioned writing as prepared by a specific writer. 1900 Daniel T. Ames “Ames on Forgery” One of the earliest treatises by the founder of the Penman’s Art Journal, penmanship author and “Examiner of Contested Handwriting in Courts of Justice” 1900 New York v R. B. Molineaux Notable early criminal case involving the testimony of several handwriting experts Roland Molineaux, a chemist, was tried for the poisoning murder of a woman Katherine Adams 1903 Matter of Rice (the Rice‐Patrick case) Notable early forged Will case in New York. The result of this case indirectly led to the Rice Institute foundation. 1910 Albert Sherman Osborn “Questioned Documents” A comprehensive text which established a greater focus on not only the examination of handwriting and signatures, But of the other types of evidence appearing on document including paper, ink, typewriting and alteration Albert S. Osborn also, during the early part of the century, began to invite other document examiners to his home in Upper Montclair, NJ. These were the beginning of what would become the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners. Father of questioned documents examination Virginia 1924 Adams v Ristine 122 S. E. 126, 138 Va 273, 31 A.L.R. 1413 Chock‐full of document law points, covering many questions including qualifications of experts, scope of cross‐examination and use of photographic evidence.” This was a landmark case due to the number of issues which were addressed dealing with expert testimony in the field 1929 John H. Wigmore Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory “The organization of the first forensic science laboratory, the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory in Chicago, IL, began in 1929. It started under private endowment, but within one or two years, because of the influence of Professor John H. Wigmore, it was affiliated with Northewestern University School of Law. “ “This laboratory was modeled after multidisciplinary European laboratories and included a questioned document section 1935 State of NJ v Bruno Richard Hauptmann Lindbergh kidnapping Albert S. Osborn, Albert D. Osborn, Elbridge W. Stein, Clark Sellers, John H. Tyrrell, H. J. Walter, Harry Cassidy and Dr. Wilmer Souder (the only public examiner), were consulted independently and opined Hauptmann had prepared multiple ransom demand notes 1942 American Society of Questioned Document Examiners Formally Founded With Albert S. Osborn presiding, the ASQDE was formally established. Membership in organization was entirely by invitation. Its meetings were completely educational in scope, and annual attendance as well as full participation in the program were an absolute requirement for a continuing invitation considered many be the invitation. The ASQDE is considered, by many, to primary national organization disseminating research in the United States 1956 Kidnap/Murder Of Peter Weinberger People v John LaMarca (New York) FBI experts sift through 75,000 police record signatures, expanding the search to probation records. John LaMarca was identified through federal district court records. 1959 James V. P. Conway “Evidential Documents” A well regarded text by Conway of the Postal Inspector in charge of the San Francisco Identification Laboratory (USPS). The book was a complete guide, but among the first ith brto cover the subject matter wevity and considered an excellent introduction to the field for the trial lawyer. 1977 American Board of Forensic Document Examiners Official Formation The ABFDE’s stated objectives are two‐fold: to establish, maintain and enhance standards of qualification for those who practice forensic document examination, and to certify applicants who comply with ABFDE requirements for this expertise. In doing so, the Board aims to safeguard the public interest by ensuring that anyone who claims to be a specialist in forensic document examination does, in fact, possess the necessary skills and qualifications 1982 Ordway Hilton “Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents – Revised Edition” Hilton’s book, became the pre‐eminent training text of the modern document examiner. Hilton’s book, along with the writings of Dr. Wilson Harrison, Osborn, Conway; and then later Huber, Ellen, Huber/Headrick; and most recently Kelly/Lindblom would form the texts utilized in training and the guide for published protocol development. 1989 Denbeaux, Saks & Risinger `“Exorcism of Ignorance as a Proxy for Rational Knowledge: The Lessons of Handwriting Identification ‘Expertise’” The University of Pennsylvania Law Review article which focused attention on forensic document examination and particularly handwriting examination. Largely criticized by the field, the article certainly can be credited with ending the complacency of The field with respect to the empirical research , protocol development and other issue. MATERIALS FROM WHICH DOCUMENTS ARE MADE • PAPER • INK • WRITING INSTRUMENT HISTORY OF PAPER • The earliest form of material on which writing was placed were the skins of animals called parchment or vellum. • The first artificial material was used in Egypt and called papyrus • Codex – Made primarily from the skins of sheep, its name was derived from the ancient Greek city of Perganum. • The word paper comes from the papyrus • A.D 874 Letters been found in Egypt 1047 A.D The oldest manuscript in England were scripted on cotton paper • Straw was used to make paper in 1800. • Paper made from wood was not attempted until 1869 • Parchment Paper – also known as “vegetable” parchment, was invented about 1857 and was first manufactured in the United States in 1885 • modern type of paper called sulphite was first between 1880 and 1890 • A form of grass called esparto, grown in Libya, was first introduced in England in 1861. • Chlorine – was introduced in the 19th century for bleaching and colored linen could already manufactured for paper • The easiest way of identifying the date of manufacture of the paper is by the watermark. • It is impressed into the paper by wires on the rollers that make the paper • All paper manufactures keep careful of changes in their watermarks • Wrong watermarks are one of the most common mistakes of a forger. QUESTION In the study of questioned documents, what do you call the quality of paper that does not allow light to pass through or which prevents dark objects from being seen through the paper? A.Opacity B.Watermarks C.Skid marks D.Invisibility ANSWER In the study of questioned documents, what do you call the quality of paper that does not allow light to pass through or which prevents dark objects from being seen through the paper? A.Opacity B.Watermarks C.Skid marks D.Invisibility QUESTION What is the oldest ink material known? A.Ball point pen ink B.Chinese Ink C.Aniline Ink D.White Ink QUESTION What is the oldest ink material known? A.Ball point pen ink B.Chinese Ink (INDIAN INK) C.Aniline Ink D.White Ink QUESTION A fluid or viscous marking material used for writing or printing. A.Pen B.Ink C.Coal D.Chalk ANSWER A fluid or viscous marking material used for writing or printing. A.Pen B.Ink C.Coal D.Chalk INK • Some authorities consider that the earliest ink was a form of vegetables varnish. • The oldest type of ink was invented by the Chinese thousand years ago. • The Chinese were given no credit for its invention in the name by which commonly known indian(CHINES) ink (amorphous carbon in the form of lamp‐black made into cake with hide glue) Following are some classes of ink • Iron‐tannin ink • Printing ink Discovered in a way that when made by grinding carbon in the soluble salts of iron were mixed form of vegetable char with a with extracts from vegetable varnish made of natural gums and material such as tan bark and nut‐ drying oil. gull. • Canceling ink This dark liquid was found to be Often contains carbon and this more suitable for use with the fact should be borne in mind contemporary invented type of when it is required to decipher pen the quill faint cancellation marks on postage stamps or wrappers • Record ink This is the term applied to ink of high quality which are assured of long life under reasonable condition of storage of the document • Fountain pen ink A record ink which contain about half the normal concentration of iron compounds, but an increase proportion of dyestuff. • Colored ink Synthetic dyestuffs from the basis of practically all colored inks whether intended for usein fountain pens or not • Copying ink Is substantially a concentrated record ink to which has been added chemicals such as glycerin or dextrin. • Logwood ink Formerly in extensive use but rarely encountered today, about 80% of writing ink is dyestuff ink, the remainder being iron‐tannin ink • Hectograph ink Consists of a layer of neither a gelatin glycerol mixture of special clay. • Stamp‐pad ink These ink are very similar to hectograph inks except that they are heavily loaded with humectants, such as glycerol or glycol, which prevent the pad from drying up. • Ball point ink The success of the ball point pen has been bound with the provision of suitable inks • Liquid‐lead pencil ink Is an ordinary ballpoint pen with a fluid containing finely divided carbon substituted for the usual dyestuff containing ink. WRITING INSTRUMENT • The instrument used to form marks or symbols on a paper is known as the WRITING INSTRUMENT. The earliest writing instrument are: • Roman beaver • The reed pen(still use in the orient) • The goose‐quill • The steel pen • An early type of fountain pen • The first successful fountain pen QUESTION Any written instrument by which a right or obligation is established. A.Certificate B.Subpoena C.Warrant D.Document ANSWER Any written instrument by which a right or obligation is established. A.Certificate B.Subpoena C.Warrant D.Document DOCUMENTS • Is any material which contains marks, symbols or sign, in which these components may either be visible, partially visible or invisible • Legally competent in conveying a meaning or message to someone QUESTION •Is graffiti on the wall a documents? QUESTION •What about writings in the tissue paper, leaf or bark of the trees? ANSWER Based on the definition of the term “DOCUMENT”, as previously stated. The answer in “YES” A document my either be: Questioned Document Standard Documents QUESTION One in which the facts appearing therein may not be true, and are contested either in whole or part with respect to its authenticity, identity, or origin. A.Questioned document B.Illegal document C.Falsified document D.Disputed facts ANSWER One in which the facts appearing therein may not be true, and are contested either in whole or part with respect to its authenticity, identity, or origin. A.Questioned document B.Illegal document C.Falsified document D.Disputed facts QUESTION A document which is being questioned because of its origin, its contents or the circumstances or the stories of its production. A.disputed document B.standard document C.requested document D.questioned document ANSWER A document which is being questioned because of its origin, its contents or the circumstances or the stories of its production. A.disputed document B.standard document C.requested document D.questioned document QUESTION A document in which some issues have been raised or is under scrutiny. A.Void Document B.Illegal Document C.Forged Document D.Questioned Document ANSWER A document in which some issues have been raised or is under scrutiny. A.Void Document B.Illegal Document C.Forged Document D.Questioned Document QUESTIONED DOCUMENT • Any material or any documents in which some issue has been raised. • That which is under scrutiny • A document which has a “doubtful origin” CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS • Documents with questioned signature Most common disputed documents Signature of which is under suspicion Under this class are found the traced, simulating and copying forgery process CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS • Documents containing alleged fraudulent alterations • Documents in which it is alleged that some of alteration was made by erasure, addition, interlineation or substitution CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS • Holograph documents questioned or disputed The writing of an entire written document is all questioned. A documents that is completely written and sign CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS • Documents attacked on the question of their age or date Documents in which the age of an instrument or the age of some part of it is investigated Documents in which the comparative age of different parts may have some bearing on the question of its genuineness CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS • Documents attacked on the question of material used in their production Documents shown to be false because they were dated many years before the paper was made on which they were written CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS • Documents investigated on the questioned of type writings/computerprints Questioned that may be raised in the document may either be the used of the same machine at different time or at different times on different machine CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS • Documents or writing investigated because it is alleged that they identity some person through hand writing Includes all documents which by their handwriting and contents tend to identify some person Most common are anonymous and disputed letters CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS • Genuine documents erroneously or fraudulently attacked Genuine signature may be alleged by the writers as it is not his own QUESTION An instrument that can be legally used in comparison with a questioned document, its origin is known and can be proven. A.simulated document B.forged document C.standard document D.compared document ANSWER An instrument that can be legally used in comparison with a questioned document, its origin is known and can be proven. A.simulated document B.forged document C.standard document D.compared document QUESTION Condensed and compact set of authentic specimen which is adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the material from known sources. A.disguised document B.questioned document C.standard document D.requested document ANSWER Condensed and compact set of authentic specimen which is adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the material from known sources. A.disguised document B.questioned document C.standard document D.requested document STANDARD DOCUMENT • Document in which the origin is known can be proven • Can legally be used as sample to compare with other things is questioned. QUESTION Standards which are prepared upon the request of the investigator and for the purpose of comparison with the questioned document. A.relative standards B.collected standards C.extended standards D.requested standards ANSWER Standards which are prepared upon the request of the investigator and for the purpose of comparison with the questioned document. A.relative standards B.collected standards C.extended standards D.requested standards TYPE OF STANDARD • Collected/procured standard Standard specimen executed in the regular course of man’s activity or that which are executed on the day to day writing activity • Requested/dictated (post litel motam standard) A standard document which are executed upon request, they are prepared at one time. made upon the request of an investigator. • Contemporary document Documents that are not more than 5 years before and after How to obtain Collected Standards: 1. Collect at least 15‐20 standards; 2. Collected standards should bear similarity of subject matter; 3. The date of preparation must be five (5) years before & five (5) years after the incident happened; 4. There should be similarity of the instrument used in writing; 5. The writing condition and the manner of execution must be similar to the execution of the questioned writing. How to obtain Requested Standards: 1. Dictate, never allow the suspect to see the document; 2. The text that is to be dictated must be carefully selected; do not dictate exactly the content to prevent familiarity of the document; 3. Dictation must be conducted for three times; 4. Dictation must be interrupted & on an interval basis so that the subject will feel relax and write in his own natural writing. 5. The normal writing condition of the subject must be arranged, so that the writer will feel to write the dictation. QUESTION . A kind of document which is executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary public, or of competent public official, by which some disposition of agreement is proved. A.commercial document B.official document C.public document D.private document ANSWER . A kind of document which is executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary public, or of competent public official, by which some disposition of agreement is proved. A.commercial document B.official document C.public document D.private document QUESTION A kind of document executed by a person in authority and by private parties but notarized by competent officials. A.private document B.commercial document C.public document D.official document ANSWER A kind of document executed by a person in authority and by private parties but notarized by competent officials. A.private document B.commercial document C.public document D.official document Kinds of Document 1. PUBLIC DOCUMENT 2. OFFICIAL DOCUMENT 3. PRIVATE DOCUMENT 4. COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT • Official Document‐ • Public Document • ‐an instrument authenticated by • a document which is issued by a public official in the exercise of a notary public or competent the functions of his office. An official with the formalities official document is also a public required by law; or an document instrument executed in due form before a notary public certified by him; or one that which is made by a notary public in the presence of parties who execute it with the assistance of two (2) witnesses • Private Document‐ • a deed or instrument executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary public or other persons legally authorized, by which document some disposition or agreement is provided evidence as set forth. • Commercial Document‐ • under Article 172 of the Revised Penal Code, these are instruments which are used by the merchants or businessmen to promote or facilitate trade or credit transaction. The term also include letters, notes or papers issued in the course of business transactions, quedans, bonds, books of accounts and in general any negotiable instruments. It is any document defined and regulated by the code of commerce or any other commercial law. NOTE • A private document may become a public or official document when it partakes the nature of a public or official record. So if the falsification’s committed on such document, that is, when it is already a part of the public record, falsification of public or official is committed. However, if such private document is intended to become a part of the public record, even though falsified of a public document is committed. WRITING WHICH DO NOT CONSTITUTE DOCUMENTS Based on some Supreme Court Rulings. 1. A draft of a Municipal payroll which is not yet approved by the proper authority (People vs. Camacho, 44 Phil. 484) 2. Mere blank form of official documents, the spaces of which are not filled up (People vs. Santiago, CA, 48 O.G. 4558). 3. Pamphlets or books which don not evidence any disposition or agreement are not documents but are mere merchandise (People vs. Agnis, 47 Phil. 945). BASIC PRINCIPLE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF HANDWRITING AND SIGNATURE IDENTIFICATION • Identifying characteristics Handwriting characteristics in this text may mean any property or mark which distinguishes, and commonly referred to as identifying details. Handwriting characteristics are generally grouped into: • Common/class characteristics • Individual or personal caharacteristics SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION OF HANDWRITING • ANALYSIS (or recognition) of characteristics • COMPARISON of characteristics • EVALUATION of characteristics QUESTION is that act of setting of two or more items side by side to weight their identifying quantities. It infers not only a visual but also the mental act which the elements of one item are related to the counterparts of the other. A. Comparison B. Collation C. Identification D. Conclusion ANSWER is that act of setting of two or more items side by side to weight their identifying quantities. It infers not only a visual but also the mental act which the elements of one item are related to the counterparts of the other. A. Comparison B. Collation C. Identification D. Conclusion • ANALYSIS • involves the observation, measurement and or determination or properties or characteristics. • COMPARISON • entails the actual comparison of the properties or characteristics of an unknown item determined thru analysis with familiar or recorded characteristics of known items. • EVALUATION • means the correct interpretation of characteristics will each have certain value of determination on determined by their like hood of occurrence. The weight or significance of each characteristic must be considered. QUESTION Is a result of bodily movement, which is almost unconscious of fixed muscular habit, reacting from fixed mental impression of certain idea with script form? A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit ANSWER Is a result of bodily movement, which is almost unconscious of fixed muscular habit, reacting from fixed mental impression of certain idea with script form? A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION Handwriting defined/explained HANDWRITING – it is the result of a very complicated series of acts, being as a whole, a combination of certain forms of visible mental muscular habits acquired by long continued painstaking effort. HANDWRITING HOW PROVED: • Sec.23, Rules of Court the handwriting of a person may be proved by any witness who believes it to be the handwriting of such person, and has seen the person write, or has seen writing purporting to be his upon which the witness has acted or been charged, and has thus acquired knowledge of the handwriting of such person. Evidence respecting the handwriting may also be given by a comparison, made by the witness or the court, with writing admitted or treated as genuine by the party against whom the evidence is offered, or proved to e genuine to the satisfaction of the judge. THE GENUINESS OF ANY DISPUTED WRITING MAY BE PROVEN BY ANY OF THE FOLLOWING • Acknowledgement of the alleged writer that he wrote it. • Statement of the witness who saw the writing made and is able to identify it as such. • By the opinion of persons who are familiar with the handwriting of the allege writer. • By the opinion of an expert who compares the questioned writing with that of other writing which are admitted or treated to be genuine by the party against whom the evidenced is offered. OPINION OF ORDINARY WITNESSES: • Sec. 44, Rule 130, Rules of Court the opinion of the witness regarding the identity of handwriting of a person, when he has knowledge of the person or handwriting; the opinion of a subscribing witness to a writing; the validity of which is in disputed, respecting the mental sanity of the signer; and the opinion of an intimate acquaintance respecting the mental sanity of a person, the reason of the opinion being given, may be received as evidence. in order for an ordinary witness to be qualified to express his opinion, it must be shown that he has some familiarity with the handwriting of the person in a way recognized by law SOME PRACTICAL USES OF HANDWRITING EXAMINATION • Financial crime (bogus check, credit card fraud, embezzlement). • Death investigation (suicide notes, hotel registration cards, letter of explanation) • Robberies (pawnshop notes, cashing of stolen check) • Kidnapping with ransom (demand notes, threatening letter) • Anonymous threatening letters. • Falsification of documents (deeds of conveyance, receipts) QUESTION is a result of a very complicated series of act, being as a whole, a combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habit acquired by long continued painstaking effort. A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit ANSWER is a result of a very complicated series of act, being as a whole, a combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habit acquired by long continued painstaking effort. A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit QUESTION Any property or mark which distinguishes and in document examination commonly called to as the identifying details si called A.Standard B.Characteristics C.Attribute D.Form ANSWER Any property or mark which distinguishes and in document examination commonly called to as the identifying details si called A.Standard B.Characteristics C.Attribute D.Form QUESTION characteristics highly individualize or perculiar to an individual writer or characteristics which are highly personalize and unlikely to occur in other instances. A. Class characteristics B. Individual characteristics C. Identity characteristics D. All of the above ANSWER characteristics highly individualize or perculiar to an individual writer or characteristics which are highly personalize and unlikely to occur in other instances. A. Class characteristics B. Individual characteristics C. Identity characteristics D. All of the above Common or class characteristics • Are those which conform to the general acquired when learning to write and became fashionable at a particular time and place due to continues writing and practice. Individual characteristics • Individual characteristics in handwriting is acquired, not inherited QUESTION are characterized by letters or printed. A. Cursive B. Block style C. Capslock D. Lettering writing are all capital ANSWER are characterized by letters or printed. A. Cursive B. Block style C. Capslock D. Lettering writing are all capital Principal factors governing handwriting characteristics • Should first recognize the individual handwriting characteristics of the writer, especially on the style or form of writing. script are characterized by writings which are not point together or disconnected Cursive The writing is flowing, running and the letters are joined BLOCK Letters of the alphabet are capitalized And then focus on the following factors: • Slant/slope • Alignment • Proportion • Stroke structure Characteristics of individual handwriting may be identified and analyzed further in the elements that follow: Body The main portion of the letter which remain when the upper and lower projection, upstrokes and terminal strokes and diacritics are removed. Q p Diacritics Are element added to complete a letter; “t” crossing and dots of the letters “i” and “j”. t i Eye/eyelet A minute or small loop or curve formed inside the letter, inside the oval of the letters “a”,”d”, or “o” Connection The stroke which connects two strokes or letters QUESTION is the base or bottom of a letter that lies on the line of writing. A. Base B. Rest C. Foot D. All of the above ANSWER is the base or bottom of a letter that lies on the line of writing. A. Base B. Rest C. Foot D. All of the above FOOT is the base or bottom of a letter that lies on the line of writing BASELINE‐ is the ruled or imaginary line which letter rest HIATUS – may be regarded as a special form of penlift distinguishable in that a perceptible gap appear in writing, through sometimes hiatus are caused by failure of ink to register on a paper due to speed of writing movement QUESTION is the greater pressure initial stroke. A. Pen emphasis B. Initial emphasis C. Letter emphasis D. All of the above on strokes or the ANSWER is the greater pressure initial stroke. A. Pen emphasis B. Initial emphasis C. Letter emphasis D. All of the above on strokes or the HOOK – a minute and involuntary talon like formation often found at the commencement of an initial upstrokes on at the end of terminal strokes. INITIALS EMPHASES – is the greater pressure on strokes or the initial stroke Loop An oblong curve such as found in small f, g, l and letters h, j A loop may be formed at the upper or lower part of the letter QUESTION Any stroke which goes back over another writing stroke. A.natural variation B.rhythm C.retracing D.shading ANSWER Any stroke which goes back over another writing stroke. A.natural variation B.rhythm C.retracing D.shading Oval The portion of the letter which is oval in shape. The small letters a, d, g, and q contain oval Retrace Any part of the stroke which is super imposed upon the original stroke, any troke which goes back over the same writing stroke Shoulder/hump Outside portion of the top curve, the garland form of the letter as in small letter m has three shoulders and the small letter n has two, letter h has one. Staff or stem Any major long downward stroke of a letter that is the long downward of the letter b, g Spur Short horizontal terminal strokes mostly found on a small letter, short initial or terminal ARC‐ is the bend, crook or curved on inner side of a loop such as letter “ b”, “n” and “ p”. It is any arcaded in the body of letters “ c’. “ a’ and “ o’. Beard/embellishment A preliminary embellish initial stroke which usually occurs in capitl letters. BUCKLE KNOT‐ is the horizontal loop that are often used to complete such as “ A”, “B”. “H” and “K”. Terminal stroke The last element of a letter QUESTION It is the periodic increase in pressure, characterized by widening of the ink stroke. A.Shading B.pen lift C.pen emphasis D.pen pressure ANSWER It is the periodic increase in pressure, characterized by widening of the ink stroke. A.Shading B.pen lift C.pen emphasis D.pen pressure Patching – going back over a defective writing stroke or a attempt to improve an imitation. Penlift – an interruption in a stroke caused by removing the writing instrument (pen) from the paper Shading It is said to ba the difference between the thickness and the finest or thinnest stroke Alignment Alignment indicates the line of writing in relation with the arrangement of letters and word Rhythm Is definr as the flowing succession of motion, stresses or impulse in handwriting Re‐touching May mean to repeat the contact previously made on the handwriting QUESTION this are normal and natural deviation found between repeated specimen of an individual handwriting. A. Natural Variation B. Deviant Variation C. Individual Variation D. Repeated Variation ANSWER this are normal and natural deviation found between repeated specimen of an individual handwriting. A. Natural Variation B. Deviant Variation C. Individual Variation D. Repeated Variation Natural variation This may be refer to deviation or changes found between repeated of any individual handwriting Collation means critical comparison or side‐by‐side examination Majuscule a capital letter. Minuscule a small letter Some kinds of muscles which function in the act of Writing 1. Extensor muscles – in charge of pushing up the pen to form the upward strokes and ease the tension produced as result of flexion. 2. Flexor muscles – in charge to push the pen to form downward strokes. KINDS OF MOVEMENT in handwriting 1. Finger Movement – the thumb, the first, second and slightly the third fingers are in actual motion. Most usually employed by children and illiterates. 2. Hand Movement – produced by the movement or action of the whole hand with the wrist as the center of attraction. 3. Forearm Movement – the movement of the shoulders, hand and arm with the support of the table. 4. Whole Forearm Movement – action of the entire arm without resting, i.e. blackboard writing. STROKE Series of lines or curves written in a single letter. One of the lines of a alphabet or series of lines or curves within a single letter. The path traced by the pen on the paper. A stroke is the path traced by the pen on the paper. It should be observed whether the course of the strokes is continuous or broken. The pen stroke is the visual record of writing movement. Qualities of the Strokes 1. Expansion – whether the movement is extended or limited in its range with respect or both vertical and horizontal dimensions. 2. Co‐ordination – whether the flow of movement is controlled or uncertain smooth or jerky continuous or interrupted. 3. Speed – whether the movement has been rapid or slow and whether the pace has been steady r variable. 4. Pressure – whether the pressure exerted in the movement and its upward and downward reach. 5. Rhythm – in the sequence of movements that weave the total pattern, certain similar phases recur at more or less regular intervals. QUESTION The study of handwriting to determine one's personality traits is called A.handwriting analysis B.graphology C.dactyloscopy D.fecalysis ANSWER The study of handwriting to determine one's personality traits is called A.handwriting analysis B.graphology C.dactyloscopy D.fecalysis • GRAPHOLOGY is the art of determining character, disposition and aptitude of the individual from the study of handwriting Pseudo‐science and merely explain characteristics of the handwriting • Jean Hippolyte Michon regarded as the grandfather of modern graphology • Bibliotics Is the science of handwriting analysis The study of documents and writing materials to determine its genuineness or authorship The one who acquired this special knowledge of the science of handwriting for the purposes of identification is known as bibliotist (handwriting expert or qualified questioned document examiner) • Disguised handwriting Is the deliberate attempt on the part of the writer to alter his writing habit by endeavoring to invent a new writing style or by imitating the writing of another person. PHYSICAL METHODS OF DISGUISING HANDWRITING • By changing the direction of the slant.( the forger may employ a backhand slant, instead of the usual forehand slant. • By increasing or decreasing the speed in writing • By deliberate carelessness that will produce inferior style of writing • The forger may use the left hand instead of the right hand • Hand printing may be substituted for script. CHARACTERISTICS OF DISGUISED WRITING • Inconsistent slant • Inconsistent letter formation • Change of capital letters • Lack of free flowing movement • Lack rhythm • Unnatural start and stop • Irregular spacing • Writing with unaccustomed hand QUESTION The name of a person written by him/her in a document as a sign of acknowledgement. A.Opinion B.Document C.Signature D.Handwriting ANSWER The name of a person written by him/her in a document as a sign of acknowledgement. A.Opinion B.Document C.Signature D.Handwriting SIGNATURE is the name of person written by himself s a sign of acknowledgement or recognition. Types of signature 1.Highly individualized signature • • A type of signature which is not readable. Characterized by intertwining stroke and flourishes. 2.Conventional or copy‐book form signature • A signature which is readable 3.Careless scribble • for the mail carrier, delivery boy or the autograph collector. PROBLEMS ON SIGNATURE EXAMINATION AND IDENTIFICATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Signature of the careless or highly erratic writer. Receipt Signature. Near – Illiterate Writer. Signature of physically impaired Writer The intoxicated signature. Old age deterioration The sick bed signature Disguised signature or writing Does Signature or Handwriting Vary from Time to Time? Yes. A signature or handwriting vary from time to time on account of the following reasons; Human beings do not possess a machine‐like precision. Age Health condition External factors EQUIPMENT /APPARATUS/MATERIALS AND INSTRUMENTS USED IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION • Stereoscopic microscope a kind of microscopic instrument which gives a three dimensional enlargement of objects Uses, IT; Covers ninety defects in stroke structure and type writings. Discovers overlapping of line. Detects uneven distribution of ink. Projects overwriting. Determines an ink line crossing a fold. Detects fraudulent addition and interlineations Discovers erasures and pencil outline of forged signatures. • Shadowgraph a machine which enlarges minute details as much as twenty times. Use: To facilitate examination of handwriting and typewriting. • Camera • consist of a light – tight box designed to hold the photographic film. It is equipped with a lenses’ system by which the image is found on the film and a shutter device by which the desired light is admitted to expose the film. Uses of photographs: • All the detailed characteristics of a handwriting can be clearly interpreted. • Accurate reproduction may afford unlimited opportunities for a strong comparison chart. • Indirect lightning equipment (Oblique lightning) • An equipment with controlled illumination. The document is viewed the source of illumination behind it and the light coming through the paper. Uses: • For indented writing (deciph‐ ering of letter and words). • Examination of erased entries. • Shows fluorescence quality when viewing watermarks. • Ultra‐violet lamp machine • an equipment which creates ultra violet radiation that occurs in the wavelength just below the visible blue violet end of spectrum. These invisible rays react in some instances so that visible light in reflected, the phenomena is known as fluorescence. Uses: • Detects erasure. • Reveals difference between genuine and counterfeited bills, strip stamps, labels in merchandize and the like. • Paper thickness gauge • a material use in measuring the thickness of a paper Hand lens • a convenient instrument which aids in examination of almost as it enlarges the size of letter or character • Typewriting measuring plate an instrument use to measure the number of characters and or letters in typewriter. Type angle measuring plate an instrument which measures the angle or degree of horizontal mal alignment in typewriter. And other equipment/apparatus/materials and or Instruments that help in the examination of QD’s. QUESTION synonymous with the term “alignment defect”. A. Malalignment B. Maliganant C. Malignant D. Mainamale ANSWER synonymous with the term “alignment defect”. A. Malalignment B. Maliganant C. Malignant D. Mainamale TYPEWRITINGS • TYPEWRITER defined/explained • A machine that can reproduce printed characters on papers or that can produce printed letters and figures on paper. TYPE WRITTER IDENTIFICATION Th identification of the typing machine used in questioned document, like that in ballistics examination, may be on the basis of: Class characteristics Those characteristics which serves to distinguish it from any other machine, such as: • Manufactures characteristics • Size and design of the type • Line and letter spacing • Individual characteristics Defects in the type face unusual manner of letter formation due to factory defects, miuse of the machine or wear and tear. Defect in the alignment malpositioning, pacing and alignment may e modified by loosening of the hinges and positioning of the letters on account on wear and tear and changes in the spring pressure Other machine defects • skipping face • irregular margin stop • improper letter spacing • improper ribbon actions A type writer has 44 keys with 88 character, each operating independently of one another and each being capable of damage or having inherent defects. Consequently, a variety of combination of these defects may be basis of typewriter identification. The questioned documents may be compared with those made by the suspected typewriter the term typewriter was also applied to a person who used a typing machine. Technical Terms Used in Typewriting Identification and Examination • Alignment • – alignment defects include characters which are written improperly in the following respects: A twisted letter, horizontal mal‐alignment, vertical mal‐alignment, and a character “Off its feet”. These defects can be corrected by special adjustment to the type bad and type block • Carbon Impression • – any typewriting which is placed on the paper by the action of the type faces striking through carbon paper is classed as a carbon impression. Generally, carbon impression are “carbon copies”, but sometime original typewriting is made directly though a carbon ribbon. Character – is used to include letters, symbols, numerals, or points of punctuation Clogged (dirty) Type Faces – the type faces become filled with line, dirt, and ink, particularly in enclosed letters. Defects‐ any abnormality or mal‐alignment in a typewriter which is reflected in its work and which leads to its individualization or identification. Horizontal Mal‐Alignment – an alignment defect in which the character prints to the right or left of its proper position Mal‐Alignment – is synonymous with the term “alignment defects” Off‐Its Feet – the condition of a type face printing heavier on one side or corner than over the remainder of its outline. Permanent Defect – any identifying typewriter characteristics which can be eliminated by cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon. Transitory Defect – any identifying typewriter characteristic which can be eliminated by cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon. Type Face – the printing of the type block Vertical Mal‐Alignment – a character printing above or below its proper position. CRIMES RELATED TO THE STUDY OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS • FORGERY • Is the making and/or altering a written instrument with intent to defraud another person. KINDS OF FORGERY 1. SIMPLE OR SPURIOUS FORGERY – a fraudulent signature whereby, there are no apparent attempt at simulation or imitation, or the person (suspect) merely signs the name in his name and or used another signature and possess the document before the fraud is discovered. 2. SIMULATED FORGERY – it is a copy or imitation of a genuine signature, of which, a model is needed. 3. TRACED FORGERY – is the result of an attempt to transfer in a fraudulent document an exact facsimile of a signature by tracing process KINDS OF TRACING PROCESS a. Direct tracing b. Use of tracing paper c. Use of carbon paper d. Projection tracing Indications of Forgery a. b. c. d. Hesitation Unnatural pen lift (hiatus) Patching Tremor Tremor of age Tremor of fraud e. Uncertainty of movement Indications of Genuineness a. b. c. d. e. f. Habitual speed of writing Firmness of stroke Degree of skill Pattern of shading and emphasis Fundamental muscular movement Coordination, continuity and freedom COUNTERFEITING • The crime of making, circulating, uttering false coins and bank notes VIP’S TERMINOLOGY • DOCUMENT‐ in the fullest meaning , it is any material, which contains marks signs or symbols either visible or invisible that may presently convey a meaning or message to someone to someone. A great portion of Document is written on paper with the use of fountain pen, ball pen, pencil or type. • QUESTIONED DOCUMENT – any documents about some issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny is referred to as Questioned Document ( also Disputed Document) A document that has been questioned in whole or in part with respect to its authenticity or identity or origin or the relations among parts or respect to its relation to either things. It may be deed, contract, will, election ballot, marriage contract, checks, visas, check‐ writer, certificate, etc. • ABNORMAL WRITING CONDITION – are writing executed in condition not normal to individual writer such as standing position, lying, walking, on a moving vehicle, under pressure, threat and similar condition. • ALIGNMENT –include characters which write improperly in the following respects twisted letter; horizontal mal alignment, vertical mal alignment, and a character ‘ off‐ its feet • ALTERED DOCUMENT – it is one that contains some changes either as addition or deletion. • ANGULAR STYLE OF WRITING – a writing wherein the most part specifically the upper and lower strokes forms an angle or wedge. • ARC‐is the bend, crook or curved on inner side of a loop such as letter “ b”, “n” and “ p”. It is any arcaded in the body of letters “ c’. “ a’ and “ o’. • BALLPOINT PEN – the ballpoint pen works on a very simple principle, a tiny rotating ball pick‐up a supply of a link by contact with that contained in a reservoir and then transmits it to the paper. • BASELINE‐ is the ruled or imaginary line which letter rest. • BENZENE METHOD‐ another chemical method of ink examination. Black style of writing is characterized. • BLOCK STYLE OF WRITING‐ are characterized by writing are all capital letters or printed. • BLUNT‐ is the beginning and ending stroke of letter both small and capital in which the pen touched the paper without hesitation, beard, hitch or knob. • BODY‐ is the parts of the letter ordinarily form by small circle that usually lies on the line of writing as bodies of “ a”, “o”, “ d”, “g”, “p” and “q’. • BOWL‐ is fully rounded oval or circular form in a letter complete in an “o’ or modified “ B”, “D’, “P” and “ R”. • BUCKLE KNOT‐ is the horizontal loop that are often used to complete such as “ A”, “B”. “H” and “K”. • CACOGRAPHY – is characterized as bad writing. • CALLIGRAPHY – is the art of beautiful writing. • CARBON IMPRESSIONS ‐ any typewriting which is placed on the paper by the action of the typefaces striking through carbon paper. • CARBON INKS‐ inks in the carbon class consist of a finely ground carbon particles. • CHARACTERISTICS‐ is any property or mark which distinguishes and in document refers to identifying details. These are the two groups of characteristics; class and individual. • CLASS CHARACTERISTICS – not all characteristics encountered in document examination are peculiar to a single person, or thing and one, which is common to a group maybe describe as a class and individual • COLLATION ‐ means critical comparison or side‐by‐side examination. • COMPARISON – is that act of setting of two or more items side by side to weight their identifying quantities. It infers not only a visual but also the mental act which the elements of one item are related to the counterparts of the other. • CONCLUSION ‐ a scientific conclusion results from relating observe facts by logical common sense reasoning in accordance with establish rules of laws. The document examiners conclusions are so derived. It is common to refer his conclusions by the legal terms, “OPINION”. • COPY BOOK FORM – the design of the letter which are fundamental to a writing system are referred to as copy book forms. The terminology is derived from the old methods of teaching form a copybook, which contained engraved script, printed of each for the student to imitate. • DECIPHERMENT – the process of making out what is illegible or what has been effaced. It refers to the process of reaching or making out the material, which is illegible without actually developing or restoring the original writing on the documents, itself. • DEFECTS – any abnormality or maladjustments in a typewriter which is reflected in its work and which led to its individualization and identification. • DESCENDER – is the lower portion of the letter of lower loop such as “g”, “j”, “Q”, “Y”, and “P”. • DIACRITRIC – is an element added to complete a certain letter such as dot on small “I”, “j” and bar on “Ψ” and accent mark on foregoing language. • DISGUISED WRITING – writer may deliberately try to alter his usual writing habit in hope of hiding his identity. The result regardless of their effectiveness is returned as disguised writing. • DISPLAY EXHIBIT – describes a gently enlarged photographic court exhibit which is made to such size that it must be placed an easel the jury box. These exhibits may also be referred to as “bromide enlargements • DISPUTED DOCUMENTS – means that there is argument or controversy over the document. • DOCUMENT EXAMINER – one who studies scientifically the details and elements of documents in order to identify their source or to discuss other facts concerning them. • DUCTUS BROKEN OR JUNCTION BROKEN –the disconnected or non‐continuous stroke between two letters. • DUCTUS INK OR JUNCTION LINK – the continuous line that join two letters. • ERASURE – the removal of writing, typewriting, or printing from the document, • EXAMINATION – is the act of making a close and critical study of any material and with questioned documents is the process necessary to discover the facts about them. Various types are undertaken, including microscope visual, photographic chemical, ultraviolet and infrared examination • EXPERT WITNESS –a legal term used to described a witness who by reason of his special technical training and experience is permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue or certain aspect of the issue, that is involved in a lawsuit. • EVIDENTIAL SIGNATURE IS NOT A SIMPLY A SIGNATURE – it is signature signed at a particular time and place, under particular conditions, while the signer was at the particular age, in a particular and mental condition using particular supplements, and with particular reason and purpose for recording his name. • EYE LOOP OR EYELET –is small looped form by strokes that exerted in divergent direction as in “b”, “c”, “f”, “k”, “p”, “r”, “s”, and “z”. • FLEXIBILITY OF PEN POINT – the quality of the nib pen that varies with the different pens and can be measured by the amount of pressure necessary to cause a spreading of the nibs or a given degree of shading. • FISTIOFF THEORY OF COMPARISON – the act of setting two or more signature in an inverted position to weight their identifying significance, the reason being that those we fail to see under normal comparison may readily be seen under this theory. • FLYING START AND FLYING FINISHES – when the motion of the pen procedes the beginning of the stroke and continue beyond the end to a vanishing point is found in free natural writing and as a rule is an important indication of genuineness. • FOOT – is the base or bottom of a letter that lies on the line of writing. • FORGERY – a legal term which involves not only a non‐genuine document but also intent on the part of the maker defraud. Outside of the courtroom, however, it is used synonymously with fraudulent signature or spurious document. Every person who, with in tent to defraud, sign of the name of another person, or of fictitious person knowing that he has no authority to do so, or falsely, alters, forges or counterfeits any check draft due to bill for the a payment of money or properly or counterfeits or forgets the seal or handwriting of another knowing the same to fake, alternated, forged or counterfeited, with intent to prejudice, damage or defraud any person is guilty of forgery. As used I handwriting identification is the act of imitating or simulating somebody’s signature by another without the permission of the former and for profit. • FORM OF BLINDNESS – there are people who lack the ability to differentiate forms, size, shape, letter configuration design and angle. • FOUNTAIN PEN – is the modern nib pin, which contains a reservoir of ink in a specially designed sack or chamber. • FREEHAND IMITATION OR STIMULATED FORGERY – a fraudulent signature that was executed by stimulation rather than by tracing the line of a genuine signature can be referred to as executed in free hand imitation. • GOOPING OF BALLPOINT PEN WRITING –is the excess of globules of ink oftentimes deposited after a sharply curve stroke or the point of an abrupt change of writing direction. • GRAPHOLOGY – is the art of determining character, disposition and aptitude of the individual from the study of handwriting • GUIDED HAND SIGNATURE – signature actually produced by the cooperation of two hands and two minds. A seriously ill testator sometimes ask someone for assistance in affixing his signature, generally then, abnormally, clumsiness, disconnection, uneven alignment and illegibility are indication of genuine and the condition are evidence of lack of genuineness. • HABIT LETTERING – a disconnected style of writing in which each letter is written separately is a form of hand lettering of hand printing. • HABIT – a writing habit in any expected elements of defect, which may serve as identifying characteristics in individuals writing. • HAND EXBIHIT – described a photographic court exhibits which is designed to be held and examined by the individual juror or pair of jurors. • HAND WRITING – is a result of a very complicated series of act, being as a whole, a combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habit acquired by long continued painstaking effort. • Is a result of bodily movement, which is almost unconscious of fixed muscular habit, reacting from fixed mental impression of certain idea with script form? • HESITATION – is the term applied to the irregular thickening, which is formed when the writing shows down or stops down while a penman takes stocks of the position. • HIATUS – may be regarded as a special form of penlift distinguishable in that a perceptible gap appear in writing, through sometimes hiatus are caused by failure of ink to register on a paper due to speed of writing movement. • • HITCH –is the introductory background stroke added to the beginning of many capital letters? It is also seen occasionally in introductory strokes of some small letters. • HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT – any document completely prepared, written and designed by the person himself without the assistant of a lawyer. • HOOK – a minute and involuntary talon like formation often found at the commencement of an initial upstrokes on at the end of terminal strokes. • HORIZONTAL MALALIGNMENT – an alignment defect in which the character prints to the right or left of its proper position. • HUMP – is a rounded outer side of the top of the bend, crook to, curve in small letter such as “h”, “m”, and “n”. • INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS – characteristics highly individualize or perculiar to an individual writer or characteristics which are highly personalize and unlikely to occur in other instances. • INFRARED EXAMINATION – infrared examination of documents employs invisible radiation beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum (rainbow, which is usually recorded on specially sensitized photographic emoltion. This infrared or heat rays can also be converted to visible light by electronic viewing equipment which to date has had limited used in the question document film. • INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY – the principle in infrared as a means of preparing photographic evidence is based upon the fundamental facts that different substances which looks alike to the naked eye but are of different chemical component may have a varying ability, reflect or transmit infra‐red rays and hence, will not appear alike when photographed by the infra‐red rays. • INITIALS EMPHASES – is the greater pressure on strokes or the initial stroke. • INK ANALYSIS – the application of chemicals on ink to determine its component whether or not it came on the same source. • INK ERADICATION – consists of chemicals solutions which are capable of bleach ink. • INK FLOW BACK – ink sometimes will flow back on strokes from a shaded to an unshaded portion giving the appearance of two ink film, logwood ink sometimes shows these characteristics. The condition is readily distinguishable from n actual patching by this accurate fitting together of the lines. • NSERTION OR INTERLINEATIONS – includes the addition of writing and other material between lines or photographs, as the addition of whole pages to a document • • • • INTERSECTION – is the meeting of two lines, which intersect. IODINE FUMES – a kid of chemical examination of ink erasure. JUNCTION – is the meeting of two lines which do not cross. KNOB – is the extra deposit of ink in the initials and terminal stroke due to the withdrawal of the pin from the paper. • EAD OR GRAPHITE – is the substance in the pencil commonly made up of titanium chloride, sulfite and ion that produced writing? • LENS – consists of one or more optical ground glasses, which focus light rays similar to the pupil of the eyes and to focus an image of the object being photographed or the film surface. • LIGATURE – a stroke connecting two letters. • LINE QUALITY – it is the condition of the pen itself. Good lines quality is characterized by smoothness or writing, regularity of curves and shaded. It results from the writer’s being largely unconscious of the actual act of writing and concentrating instead of what is being written. Poor line quality, on the other hand. Is the result of the writer’s given too much attention to the actual process of writing. • MAJUSCULE – a capital letter. • ALALIGNMENT – synonymous with the term “alignment defect”. • MICROSCOPE EXAMINATIONS – any study or examination which is made with the microscope in order to discover the minute physical details. • MINUSCULE – a small letter. • MODEL SIGNATURE – a signature which has been used in imitation or traced forgery. • MOVEMENT – it is the most important elements of handwriting. It embodies the factor related to the motion of the writing instrument, skill, speed, freedom, hesitation, rhythm and emphasis. The manner in which the writing instrument is moves, that is finger movement, hand movement, arm movement and whole movement. • NATURAL VARIATION – this are normal and natural deviation found between repeated specimen of an individual handwriting. • NON‐AQUEOUS INK – an ink which the pigment or dye is carried in any vehicle other than water, inks of this class are found in ballpoint pens, typewriter ribbons and stamp pods and all widely used in the printing industry. • OBLIQUE OR SIDE LIGHTING EXAMINATION – an examination with the illumination so controlled that it gaze or strikes the surface of the document from one side at a very low angle. • OBLITERATION – the blotting out or smearing over of writing to make the original invisible or undecipherable. • OFF ITS LEGAL LANGUAGE – a condition of typeface writing heavier either one side or corner than over the remainder of its outline. • OPINION IN LEGAL LANGUAGE – the document examiner’s conclusion is known as an opinion. Actually, court does not only express an opinion but demonstrated the reason for arriving at this opinion. Opinion and conclusion are used synonymously. • PAPER ANALYSIS – the application of chemicals on the paper to determine its component whether or not it come from the same source. • PATCHING – going back over defective writing stroke or an attempt to improve an imitation. • PEN – a writing instrument used to apply inks to the paper. • PENCIL GRADE – is the quantitative description of the hardness or softness of a pencil, that is how a dark stroke is capable of making. • • PEN LIFT – an instrument in a stroke caused by removing the writing instrument from the paper. • PEN NIBS – the two divisions or points which form the writing portion of the pen. • PERMANENT DEFECTS – any identifying characteristics of a typewriter which cannot be corrected by simply cleaning the typeface or replacing the ribbon. • PHOTOMICROGRAPHY – this is the process of obtaining a magnified photograph of a small object without the use of microscope but, by using a short lens and a long below extension. • PHOTOMICROGRAPHS‐ is a photograph made through a compound microscope or stereoscope and may be a greatly enlarged image of minute details or of small area. • PHOTOMACROGRAPH – is a photograph with a magnification of from two to fifty times the original size. • PHOTOMICROGRAPHY – this is the science obtaining photographic magnification of a minute by using camera attached to a compound microscope. The camera lens is removed because the microscope lens forms the image. • PLATEN – the cylinder which serves as the backing for the paper and which absorbs the blow of the typeface. • PROPORTION SPACING TYPEWRITING – a modern form of typewriting which resembles printing in that all the letters, numerals and symbols do not occupy the some horizontal space as they do with the conventional typewriter. • QUALIFICATIONS‐ the professional experience, education and ability of a document examiner combine to make‐up his qualifications. • QUALITY‐ is a distinct or peculiar character. It is used in describing handwriting to refer to any identifying factor, which is related to the writing movement itself. • REBOUND – is a defect in which the character prints a double impression with the lighter one slightly offset to the right or left. • REBUTTING EVIDENCE – is that evidence that counter act, to repeal or destroy evidence, or disproved the evidence. • RESTORATION – describes any process in which erased writing is developed or brought out again on the document itself. • RETRACING‐ any stroke which goes back over another writing stroke. • RIBBON CONDITION‐ the degree of deterioration of the typewriter ribbons that generally deteriorate with use. • SAFETY PAPER‐ these terms is applied paper which has been treated in such away to minimize the chances of successful forgery by erasure whether mechanical or chemical being carried out in any document which forms the basis. • SCRIPT WRITING‐ are characterized by writings which are not point together or disconnected. • SECRET INKS – a material used for writing which is not visible until treated by some developing process or substance can serve as a secret or sympathetic ink. • • SEQUENCE OF STROKES – the order in which the writing strokes are placed on the paper. • SHADING – is the widening of the ink stroke due to added pressure on a flexible pen point or to the use of a stub. • SIGNIFICANT WRITING HABIT –this term is applied to any characteristics of writing which is sufficiently unique and well fixed to serve as fundamental point of identification. • SIGNATURE AS DEFINED BY WEBSTER‐ is one`s name written by himself on a document as assign of acknowledgement. • SIMULATED SIGNATURE‐ a freehand drawing in imitation of a model signature. • SLANT – is an angle or inclination of the axis of the letters relative to the baseline. • SPEED OF WRITING‐ the motion of a writing instrument characterized by slow, moderate or rapid. Writing speed cannot be measured precisely from finished handwriting but can be interpreted in broad terms of slow, moderated or rapid. • SPURIOUS SIGNATURE‐describes as fraudulent signature in which there was no apparent attempt of simulation or imitation. • STANDARD – are those things whose origin are known can be proven and which can be legally use for comparison with other things in question. • STANDARD OF COMPARISON‐ in questioned documents examination we mean those things whose origins are known and can be proven and which can be legally used as example to compare with other matters in question usually a standard consists of the known handwriting of a person and in such case “ Standard “ has the same meaning as is understanding by the word “ specimen” of the handwriting. • SYNTHETIC DYE INKS OR ANILINE INKS‐ any which consists simply of a dye dissolved in water together with the necessary preservatives. • SYSTEM OF SIGNATURE‐ the combination of basic design of letters and the writing movement as taught in school make up the writing system. • TRACED FORGERY – any fraudulent signature which was executed by actually following the outline of a genuine signature in writing instrument • TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE‐ is the oral testimony of a man or an expert in court or written affidavit by an ordinary witness. • TRANSITORY DEFECTS – an identifying characteristics which can be eliminated by cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon such as clogged typefaces. • TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION‐ the document is viewed with the source of illumination behind it and the light passing through the paper. • TREMORS‐ a writing portrayed by irregular, shaky strokes. • TWISTER LETTER – each letter and character designed to point at a certain fixed angle to the baseline, due to wear and damage to the type bar and the type block some letters become twisted so that they lean to the right or left of their correct slant. • TYPEFACE‐ the printing surface of the type block. • TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE‐ is the oral testimony of a man or an expert in court or written affidavit by an ordinary witness. • TRANSITORY DEFECTS – an identifying characteristics which can be eliminated by cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon such as clogged typefaces. • TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION‐ the document is viewed with the source of illumination behind it and the light passing through the paper. • TREMORS‐ a writing portrayed by irregular, shaky strokes. • TWISTER LETTER – each letter and character designed to point at a certain fixed angle to the baseline, due to wear and damage to the type bar and the type block some letters become twisted so that they lean to the right or left of their correct slant. • TYPEFACE‐ the printing surface of the type block. • VERTICAL MAL ALIGNMENT ‐ a character printing above and below is proper position. • WATERMARKS – a certain paper are marked with translucent design a watermark, impressed in them during the course of their manufacture. • WRITING CONDITIONS – includes the circumstances under which the writing was prepared and the factors which influence the writer’s ability to write at the time of execution. • WRITTEN IMPRESSION – the small writing indentations completely devoid of any pigment. They may be found on a sheet of a table paper which as immediately below the one on which writing was done, or they may be remain after or typewriting has been erased • WRITING OR HARDWORKING – is the visible effect or bodily movement which is almost unconscious expression of fixed muscular habit reacting scrip form. It is the visible record of pen or paper. Writing is the forms, which are the very visible result of metal or muscular habits acquired by continued, painstaking of effort. • WRONG HANDED WRITING – any writing executed with the opposite hand that normally used. Thus, the writing of a right handed person which has been executed with his left hand accounts for the common terminology for this class of disguise in “Left handed Writing” Questioned Document (Forensic Document Examination) SET 1 By Charlemagne James P. Ramos A document completely written and signed and dated by only one person is known as____________. A. B. C. D. Halograpic document Questioned document Standard document disputed document A document completely written and signed and dated by only one person is known as____________. A. B. C. D. Halograpic document Questioned document Standard document disputed document Refers to any material supplied by a written instrument to which an issue has been raised or that which is under examination or investigation. A. B. C. D. Questioned document disputed document Standard document evidential document Refers to any material supplied by a written instrument to which an issue has been raised or that which is under examination or investigation. A. B. C. D. Questioned document disputed document Standard document evidential document It serves as the focal points of all document examination and it is where the document examiner relies as to the determination of the appropriate examination and the extent of the problem involved. A. B. C. D. Questioned document disputed document Standard document evidential document It serves as the focal points of all document examination and it is where the document examiner relies as to the determination of the appropriate examination and the extent of the problem involved. A. B. C. D. Questioned document disputed document Standard document evidential document There are the rules evidence, being the court. A. B. C. D. three legal forms of evidence as provided in of evidence. Which of the following forms of is considered as the highest form of proof one directly addressed to the senses of the Real or object Documentary Testimonial Experimental There are the rules evidence, being the court. A. B. C. D. three legal forms of evidence as provided in of evidence. Which of the following forms of is considered as the highest form of proof one directly addressed to the senses of the Real or object Documentary Testimonial Experimental Once a crime was committed application of various scientific crime-detection has been found to be indispensable. A medico-legal who conducts an autopsy of the body of the victim will have to prepare a report to be presented in court. What form of evidence is a medico-legal report? A. B. C. D. Real or object Documentary Testimonial Experimental Once a crime was committed application of various scientific crime-detection has been found to be indispensable. A medico-legal who conducts an autopsy of the body of the victim will have to prepare a report to be presented in court. What form of evidence is a medico-legal report? A. B. C. D. Real or object Documentary Testimonial Experimental These are sets of authentic document which will serve as a basis for comparison with other matters in question? A. B. C. D. Questioned document Sample Standard document Exemplar These are sets of authentic document which will serve as a basis for comparison with other matters in question? A. B. C. D. Questioned document Sample Standard document Exemplar Specimen Document which are executed in the ordinary or regular course of man’s activity. A. B. C. D. Standard Collected or procured Requested or dictated Day to day standard Specimen Document which are executed in the ordinary or regular course of man’s activity. A. B. C. D. Standard Collected or procured Requested or dictated Day to day standard It refers to a few or some representative of the general population that will be utilized for comparison with the questioned specimen? A. B. C. D. Standard Sample Exemplar Exhibit It refers to a few or some representative of the general population that will be utilized for comparison with the questioned specimen? A. B. C. D. Standard Sample Exemplar Exhibit In document examination when referring to contemporary documents this refers to______? A. Document which B. Document which after C. Document which D. Document which is more than 5 years before and after. are not more than 5 years before and are more than 30 years are not more than 20 years In document examination when referring to contemporary documents this refers to______? A. Document which B. Document which after C. Document which D. Document which is more than 5 years before and after. are not more than 5 years before and are more than 30 years are not more than 20 years A type of a document which bears the seals of the office issuing and the authorized signature to such document. A. B. C. D. Public document private document Official document commercial document A type of a document which bears the seals of the office issuing and the authorized signature to such document. A. B. C. D. Public document private document Official document commercial document The following are public documents, EXCEPT A. Written official acts, or records of the official acts of the sovereign authority, official bodies and tribunals and public officers, whether of the Philippines, or of B. foreign country. C. Documents acknowledged before a notary public. D. Last will and testaments. E. Public records, kept in the Philippines, of private documents required by law to The following are public documents, EXCEPT A. Written official acts, or records of the official acts of the sovereign authority, official bodies and tribunals and public officers, whether of the Philippines, or of B. foreign country. C. Documents acknowledged before a notary public. D. Last will and testaments. E. Public records, kept in the Philippines, of private documents required by law to Before any private document offered as authentic is received in evidence, its due execution and authenticity must be proved either: A. By anyone who saw the document executed or written; or B. By evidence of the genuineness of the signature or handwriting of the maker. C. Ancient document D. A and b only Before any private document offered as authentic is received in evidence, its due execution and authenticity must be proved either: A. By anyone who saw the document executed or written; or B. By evidence of the genuineness of the signature or handwriting of the maker. C. Ancient document D. A and b only Paper which has been treated in such a way as to minimize the chance of a successful forgery by erasure. Whether mechanical or chemical, being carried our on any document of which it forms the basis is called? A. B. C. D. Chemical paper tested paper Safety paper polyethylene coated paper Paper which has been treated in such a way as to minimize the chance of a successful forgery by erasure. Whether mechanical or chemical, being carried our on any document of which it forms the basis is called? A. B. C. D. Chemical paper tested paper Safety paper polyethylene coated paper A modern pen nib point which contains a reservoir of ink in a specially designed back or chamber is described as_______? (best use to prevent forgery) A. B. C. D. Ball-point pen Fountain pen Fiber pen Signing pen A modern pen nib point which contains a reservoir of ink in a specially designed back or chamber is described as_______? (best use to prevent forgery) A. B. C. D. Ball-point pen Fountain pen Fiber pen Signing pen What is the first step in the procurement of handwriting exemplars? A. B. C. D. Request for standard specimen Study of the questioned specimen Determine the writing instrument and paper used Arrange for normal writing condition What is the first step in the procurement of handwriting exemplars? A. B. C. D. Request for standard specimen Study of the questioned specimen Determine the writing instrument and paper used Arrange for normal writing condition Is the combination of the basic designs of letters and the writing movement which was taught in school? A. B. C. D. Copy book-form writing movement System of writing letter form Is the combination of the basic designs of letters and the writing movement which was taught in school? A. B. C. D. Copy book-form writing movement System of writing letter form It refers to the factor which relates the condition of the writer as well as the circumstances under which the writing was prepared? A. B. C. D. System of writing writing movement Copy-book form writing condition It refers to the factor which relates the condition of the writer as well as the circumstances under which the writing was prepared? A. B. C. D. System of writing writing movement Copy-book form writing condition It refers to the blackboard illustration of the basic designs of letter which is fundamental to the writing system. A. B. C. D. System of writing letter forms Copy book form writing movement It refers to the blackboard illustration of the basic designs of letter which is fundamental to the writing system. A. B. C. D. System of writing letter forms Copy book form writing movement Mr. X is a construction worker who usually drink during payday. One time while under the influence of liquor Mr. X executed a document. Due to his condition an obvious deterioration is observed in his writing. Such Changes in his writing is known as? A. B. C. D. Natural variation transitory change Permanent change Tremor Mr. X is a construction worker who usually drink during payday. One time while under the influence of liquor Mr. X executed a document. Due to his condition an obvious deterioration is observed in his writing. Such Changes in his writing is known as? A. B. C. D. Natural variation transitory change Permanent change Tremor A specimen of writing which was executed without intention of changing the usual writing habits. It is executed normally by the writer. A. B. C. D. Natural writing disguised writing Guided writing assisted writing A specimen of writing which was executed without intention of changing the usual writing habits. It is executed normally by the writer. A. B. C. D. Natural writing disguised writing Guided writing assisted writing Writing forms can either be a disconnected or joined letter writings. What specimen of writing is characterized by disconnected style? A. B. C. D. Hand lettering cursive writing Manuscript form rounded Writing forms can either be a disconnected or joined letter writings. What specimen of writing is characterized by disconnected style? A. B. C. D. Hand lettering cursive writing Manuscript form rounded Specimen of writing which writer’s hand is at steadied. A. B. C. D. Natural writing guided writing Disguised writing assisted writing was executed while the Specimen of writing which writer’s hand is at steadied. A. B. C. D. Natural writing guided writing Disguised writing assisted writing was executed while the A name of a person signed by himself on a document as an indication of acceptance and recognition of its contents. A. B. C. D. Forgery Signature Penmanship autograph A name of a person signed by himself on a document as an indication of acceptance and recognition of its contents. A. B. C. D. Forgery Signature Penmanship autograph A genuine signature which was used in the preparation of a simulated or traced forgery. A. B. C. D. Authentic signature standard signature Model signature evidential signature A genuine signature which was used in the preparation of a simulated or traced forgery. A. B. C. D. Authentic signature standard signature Model signature evidential signature It refers to the group of muscles which is responsible for the formation of the upward strokes. A. B. C. D. Flexor Lumbrical Cortex extensor It refers to the group of muscles which is responsible for the formation of the upward strokes. A. B. C. D. Flexor Lumbrical Cortex extensor If John Loud is known for ball-point pen, who is for the fountain pen? A. B. C. D. Lewis Watterman Laszlo Biro John Parker Lewis Parker If John Loud is known for ball-point pen, who is for the fountain pen? A. B. C. D. Lewis Watterman Laszlo Biro John Parker Lewis Parker As a rule, it is easier to determine whether or not a signature is forgery, but it is very difficult on the other hand to established who committed the forgery because: A. the forger might be a left handed B. imitation is one of the most effective means to disguise one’s handwriting C. it might be a traced forgery D. there should be no sufficient standard available As a rule, it is easier to determine whether or not a signature is forgery, but it is very difficult on the other hand to established who committed the forgery because: A. the forger might be a left handed B. imitation is one of the most effective means to disguise one’s handwriting C. it might be a traced forgery D. there should be no sufficient standard available When document examiner as well as police are dealing with documents, the most common problem they encountered are those concerning. A. B. C. D. Origin authorship counterfeit content (alteration) When document examiner as well as police are dealing with documents, the most common problem they encountered are those concerning. A. B. C. D. Origin authorship counterfeit content (alteration) What is that type of signature which has been made in a particular date, time, place and at a particular purpose of recording it. A. B. C. D. model signature evidential signature standard signature guided signature What is that type of signature which has been made in a particular date, time, place and at a particular purpose of recording it. A. B. C. D. model signature evidential signature standard signature guided signature Is a specimen of writing prepared with deliberate intent of altering the usual writing habits in the hope of hiding his identity. A. B. C. D. disguised writing handlettering cursive block capital Is a specimen of writing prepared with deliberate intent of altering the usual writing habits in the hope of hiding his identity. A. B. C. D. disguised writing handlettering cursive block capital Refers to the study of one’s handwriting in attempting to determine one’s personality. A. B. C. D. Agraphia graphology Chromatography handwriting identification Refers to the study of one’s handwriting in attempting to determine one’s personality. A. B. C. D. Agraphia graphology Chromatography handwriting identification Is the visible record of the written strokes resulting from a combination of various factors associated to the motion of the pen. Is the overall quality of the strokes. A. B. C. D. movement line quality writing habits significant writing habits Is the visible record of the written strokes resulting from a combination of various factors associated to the motion of the pen. Is the overall quality of the strokes. A. B. C. D. movement line quality writing habits significant writing habits Refers to the usual or normal deviations found in a repeated specimen of individual’s handwriting. A. B. C. D. Natural variation transitory change permanent damage temporary defect Refers to the usual or normal deviations found in a repeated specimen of individual’s handwriting. A. B. C. D. Natural variation transitory change permanent damage temporary defect Known Father of Questioned Document A. B. C. D. Albert S. Osborn John Augustus Dr. Hans Gross d. Ordway Hilton Known Father of Questioned Document A. B. C. D. Albert S. Osborn John Augustus Dr. Hans Gross d. Ordway Hilton Is a type of writing movement that gives a great freedom of movement. Also considered as the most skillful type of movement. A. B. C. D. finger movement hand movement forearm movement whole arm movement Is a type of writing movement that gives a great freedom of movement. Also considered as the most skillful type of movement. A. B. C. D. finger movement hand movement forearm movement whole arm movement A traced forgery of signature is not really a writing but a ___. A. B. C. D. Retouching Drawing Patching tremor of fraud A traced forgery of signature is not really a writing but a ___. A. B. C. D. Retouching Drawing Patching tremor of fraud A sign of forgery in guided hand signature is; A. B. C. D. Good pen control Uneven alignment abrupt change in direction Slanting strokes A sign of forgery in guided hand signature is; A. B. C. D. Good pen control Uneven alignment abrupt change in direction Slanting strokes Forged signature made by free hand movement and constant practice is called: A. B. C. D. Traced forgery Simulated forgery Simple forgery spurious signature Forged signature made by free hand movement and constant practice is called: A. B. C. D. Traced forgery Simulated forgery Simple forgery spurious signature What type of forgery is made when the writer’s exerts no effort to effect resemblance or facsimile between the forged and the genuine signatures? A. B. C. D. simple simulated Traced spurious What type of forgery is made when the writer’s exerts no effort to effect resemblance or facsimile between the forged and the genuine signatures? A. B. C. D. simple simulated Traced spurious A type of forgery which involves fraudulent signature executed by actually following the outline of a genuine signature with a writing instrument? A. B. C. D. carbon outline process lasered indention process traced A type of forgery which involves fraudulent signature executed by actually following the outline of a genuine signature with a writing instrument? A. B. C. D. carbon outline process lasered indention process traced An instrument used in examination of water markings and fiber arrangement where the source of light is coming either from the back or at the bottom of the paper surface? A. B. C. D. oblique light examination side light ultra-violet light transmitted light An instrument used in examination of water markings and fiber arrangement where the source of light is coming either from the back or at the bottom of the paper surface? A. B. C. D. oblique light examination side light ultra-violet light transmitted light It is a ruled plastic or glass examination of handwriting slant. A. B. C. D. plates Typewriting measuring test plates handwriting slope measuring test plates protractor compass used in It is a ruled plastic or glass examination of handwriting slant. A. B. C. D. plates Typewriting measuring test plates handwriting slope measuring test plates protractor compass used in Documents recover at the scene of the crime is best to be preserve by placing them into a _______? A. B. C. D. Paper envelope plastic envelope plastic transparent envelope drawer Documents recover at the scene of the crime is best to be preserve by placing them into a _______? A. B. C. D. Paper envelope plastic envelope plastic transparent envelope drawer One of the most expensive tools used in document examination which is capable of showing three dimensional enlargement of the specimen under examination. A. B. C. D. measuring test plates magnifying lens ultra-violet light gadget stereoscopic microscope One of the most expensive tools used in document examination which is capable of showing three dimensional enlargement of the specimen under examination. A. B. C. D. measuring test plates magnifying lens ultra-violet light gadget stereoscopic microscope It is an interruption in strokes cause by sudden removal of the writing instrument to the paper surface. A. B. C. D. pen pen pen pen emphasis shading pressure lift It is an interruption in strokes cause by sudden removal of the writing instrument to the paper surface. A. B. C. D. pen pen pen pen emphasis shading pressure lift It refers to the sudden increased in pressure or the intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surface with an increase in speed. A. B. C. D. pen pressure pen emphasis pen shading retouching It refers to the sudden increased in pressure or the intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surface with an increase in speed. A. B. C. D. pen pressure pen emphasis pen shading retouching A strokes which goes back over another writing stroke designed to correct a defective portion of a writing also known as patching. A. B. C. D. Retouching retracing pen lifting tremor A strokes which goes back over another writing stroke designed to correct a defective portion of a writing also known as patching. A. B. C. D. Retouching retracing pen lifting tremor It is the increase in the width of strokes or the widening of the ink stroke brought about by the use of flexible pen nib point. A. B. C. D. pen emphasis pen pressure shading retouching It is the increase in the width of strokes or the widening of the ink stroke brought about by the use of flexible pen nib point. A. B. C. D. pen emphasis pen pressure shading retouching It is the usual or the normal force applied by a writer every time he executes a natural writing. A. B. C. D. pen pressure pen emphasis retracing retouching It is the usual or the normal force applied by a writer every time he executes a natural writing. A. B. C. D. pen pressure pen emphasis retracing retouching It is the average limit of the pen or the reach of the pen with the wrist at rest. A. B. C. D. pen position pen scope skills speed It is the average limit of the pen or the reach of the pen with the wrist at rest. A. B. C. D. pen position pen scope skills speed It refers to the relative degree of writing proficiency of the writer, which can be measured from his lowest to the highest level. A. B. C. D. skills speed pen scope pen position It refers to the relative degree of writing proficiency of the writer, which can be measured from his lowest to the highest level. A. B. C. D. skills speed pen scope pen position Is the relative location of the pen in relation to the paper surface which can also be a factor in the determination of the nature of shading and or slant? A. B. C. D. pen pen pen pen pressure hold scope emphasis Is the relative location of the pen in relation to the paper surface which can also be a factor in the determination of the nature of shading and or slant? A. B. C. D. pen pen pen pen pressure hold scope emphasis A strokes which goes back over another writing stroke which is slightly to occur due to lack of movement control. A. B. C. D. Retracing retouching patching pen-lift A strokes which goes back over another writing stroke which is slightly to occur due to lack of movement control. A. B. C. D. Retracing retouching patching pen-lift It refers to the introductory backward strokes found in many small letters. A. B. C. D. Beard Blunt Buckle knot Hitch It refers to the introductory backward strokes found in many small letters. A. B. C. D. Beard Blunt Buckle knot Hitch It refers to the outer part of an upper curve, bend or crook. A. B. C. D. arc humps hook hitch It refers to the outer part of an upper curve, bend or crook. A. B. C. D. arc humps hook hitch It refers to an introductory up and down strokes which can be observed in some capital letters. A. B. C. D. hook hitch humps beard It refers to an introductory up and down strokes which can be observed in some capital letters. A. B. C. D. hook hitch humps beard It refers to the strokes added to the form of a letter which merely serves as a decorative or ornamentation and which are not necessary to the legibility of the letter. A. B. C. D. Diacritics rubric embellishment b and c It refers to the strokes added to the form of a letter which merely serves as a decorative or ornamentation and which are not necessary to the legibility of the letter. A. B. C. D. Diacritics rubric embellishment b and c A horizontal of loop strokes which are added to complete certain letters such as A, H, f, D etc. A. B. C. D. buckle knot diacritics Embellishment rubric A horizontal of loop strokes which are added to complete certain letters such as A, H, f, D etc. A. B. C. D. buckle knot diacritics Embellishment rubric It refers to the long initial or terminal strokes. A. B. C. D. initial spur emphasis hook space filler It refers to the long initial or terminal strokes. A. B. C. D. initial spur emphasis hook space filler A small rounded or circular strokes which serves as the body of the letter. A. B. C. D. staff shank stem central part A small rounded or circular strokes which serves as the body of the letter. A. B. C. D. staff shank stem central part It is an imaginary or real line in which the writing rest. A. B. C. D. Baseline underline foot base It is an imaginary or real line in which the writing rest. A. B. C. D. Baseline underline foot base It refers to the degree of writing inclination which is relative to the baseline. It is otherwise known as the slope of the writing. A. B. C. D. slant scale proportion alignment It refers to the degree of writing inclination which is relative to the baseline. It is otherwise known as the slope of the writing. A. B. C. D. slant scale proportion alignment Strokes added to complete certain letters such as i-dots and t-bars. A. B. C. D. buckle knot diacritics embellishment flourish Strokes added to complete certain letters such as i-dots and t-bars. A. B. C. D. buckle knot diacritics embellishment flourish A type of light examination in which the source of light is coming from one side hitting the surface of the paper/object at a very low angle. It is best used in examination of indented writing as well as erasure. A. B. C. D. direct light examination side light examination oblique light examination transmitted light examination A type of light examination in which the source of light is coming from one side hitting the surface of the paper/object at a very low angle. It is best used in examination of indented writing as well as erasure. A. B. C. D. direct light examination side light examination oblique light examination transmitted light examination An artificial light examination best used in deciphering obliterated writing as well as addition. A. B. C. D. ultra-violet light transmitted light infra-red light oblique light An artificial light examination best used in deciphering obliterated writing as well as addition. A. B. C. D. ultra-violet light transmitted light infra-red light oblique light It is the process of making clear what is otherwise is illegible or that which is not visible to the naked eye. A. B. C. D. restoration decipherment development examination It is the process of making clear what is otherwise is illegible or that which is not visible to the naked eye. A. B. C. D. restoration decipherment development examination An illegible form of writing characterized by partially visible ink strokes brought by freshly applied ink touching another sheet of paper. A. B. C. D. invisible writing obliterated writing indented writing contract writing An illegible form of writing characterized by partially visible ink strokes brought by freshly applied ink touching another sheet of paper. A. B. C. D. invisible writing obliterated writing indented writing contract writing Substance used for blotting or smearing over an original writing to make illegible or undecipherable. A. B. C. D. ink eradicator sympathetic ink superimposing ink invisible ink Substance used for blotting or smearing over an original writing to make illegible or undecipherable. A. B. C. D. ink eradicator sympathetic ink superimposing ink invisible ink Stroke where the motion of the pen precedes the beginning and continues beyond the end of a vanishing point and are found on free natural writing and as a rule are important indication of genuineness. A. B. C. D. Ending stroke Terminal stroke Flying start and finish Pen movement Stroke where the motion of the pen precedes the beginning and continues beyond the end of a vanishing point and are found on free natural writing and as a rule are important indication of genuineness. A. B. C. D. Ending stroke Terminal stroke Flying start and finish Pen movement It is the process of blotting over or smearing over an original writing. A. B. C. D. Indention obliteration alteration addition It is the process of blotting over or smearing over an original writing. A. B. C. D. Indention obliteration alteration addition It is the process of making a critical study of a given thing so as to discover facts about them. A. B. C. D. examination comparison collation evaluation It is the process of making a critical study of a given thing so as to discover facts about them. A. B. C. D. examination comparison collation evaluation An illegible form of writing characterized by partially visible depression appearing underneath the original writing. A. B. C. D. invisible writing indented writing contact writing obliterated writing An illegible form of writing characterized by partially visible depression appearing underneath the original writing. A. B. C. D. invisible writing indented writing contact writing obliterated writing An artificial light examination best used is deciphering erased writing, contact writing as well as invisible writing. A. B. C. D. transmitted light infra-red light oblique light ultra-violet light An artificial light examination best used is deciphering erased writing, contact writing as well as invisible writing. A. B. C. D. transmitted light infra-red light oblique light ultra-violet light It refers strokes. A. B. C. D. to substance superimposing ink sympathetic ink ink eradicator invisible ink capable of bleaching an ink It refers strokes. A. B. C. D. to substance superimposing ink sympathetic ink ink eradicator invisible ink capable of bleaching an ink It is a critical side by side examination of two or more specimen. A. B. C. D. Examination comparison (side by side examination) Collation evaluation It is a critical side by side examination of two or more specimen. A. B. C. D. Examination comparison (side by side examination) Collation evaluation What is that indelible ink whose marking substance is composed of mixture of aniline ink and graphite? A. B. C. D. stencil printers ink nut gall ink copy pencil What is that indelible ink whose marking substance is composed of mixture of aniline ink and graphite? A. B. C. D. stencil printers ink nut gall ink copy pencil A type of conventional typewriter in which the characters are normally space 12 in one horizontal inch. A. B. C. D. pica (9, 10 and 11) elite (12, 13 and 14) proportional spacing machine computer A type of conventional typewriter in which the characters are normally space 12 in one horizontal inch. A. B. C. D. pica (9, 10 and 11) elite (12, 13 and 14) proportional spacing machine computer Is a typeface defect in which the letters are printed to the right or left of its proper position. A. B. C. D. vertical mal alignment (above or below) twisted letter (leans to the left or to the right) horizontal mal alignment off-its feet (uneven or unbalanced prints) Is a typeface defect in which the letters are printed to the right or left of its proper position. A. B. C. D. vertical mal alignment (above or below) twisted letter (leans to the left or to the right) horizontal mal alignment off-its feet (uneven or unbalanced prints) It refers to the process of making a sentence, paragraph or a whole page be part of a document. A. B. C. D. E. addition insertion interlineations alteration b and c It refers to the process of making a sentence, paragraph or a whole page be part of a document. A. B. C. D. E. addition insertion interlineations alteration b and c It is the process of removing a writing stroke done with the aid of abrasive method. A. B. C. D. erasure (efface) chemical erasure (used ink eradicator) mechanical erasure efface It is the process of removing a writing stroke done with the aid of abrasive method. A. B. C. D. erasure (efface) chemical erasure (used ink eradicator) mechanical erasure efface It refers to any form of abnormality in the printing of the character which leads to its individuality. A. defects B. temporary defects C. permanent defects D. None of the above It refers to any form of abnormality in the printing of the character which leads to its individuality. A. defects B. temporary defects C. permanent defects D. None of the above Is a type of typeface defects which can easily be corrected by either replacing the ribbon or cleaning the machine. A. B. C. D. defects mal-alignment temporary defects permanent defects Is a type of typeface defects which can easily be corrected by either replacing the ribbon or cleaning the machine. A. B. C. D. defects mal-alignment temporary defects permanent defects translucent design in paper which is made by dandy roll and easily detectable with the use of transmitted light. A. B. C. D. wire marks water marks gauze mark fluorescence prints translucent design in paper which is made by dandy roll and easily detectable with the use of transmitted light. A. B. C. D. wire marks water marks gauze mark fluorescence prints illegible form of a writing with no readily visible ink strokes done with the A. used of sympathetic inks. B. invisible writing (used sympathetic ink) C. indented writing D. contact writing d. obliterated writing illegible form of a writing with no readily visible ink strokes done with the A. used of sympathetic inks. B. invisible writing (used sympathetic ink) C. indented writing D. contact writing d. obliterated writing It refers to the printing surface of the type bar of a conventional typewriter. A. type block B. typeface C. rotating head spear D. Breech face It refers to the printing surface of the type bar of a conventional typewriter. A. type block B. typeface C. rotating head spear D. Breech face It refers to the cylindrical backing of a typewriter which absorbs the blow of the type bar. A. Rotating head spear B. carriage C. platen D. typeblock It refers to the cylindrical backing of a typewriter which absorbs the blow of the type bar. A. Rotating head spear B. carriage C. platen D. typeblock form of a typeface defects where the characters are leans to the left or to the right of their proper position. A. B. C. D. Horizontal mal alignment vertical mal-alignment off-its feet twisted letters form of a typeface defects where the characters are leans to the left or to the right of their proper position. A. B. C. D. Horizontal mal alignment vertical mal-alignment off-its feet twisted letters form of a typeface defects in which the characters are printed heavier in one side than the remainder of its character. It is the unbalanced quality of prints. A. B. C. D. Actual breakage clogged typeface off-its feet twisted letters form of a typeface defects in which the characters are printed heavier in one side than the remainder of its character. It is the unbalanced quality of prints. A. B. C. D. Actual breakage clogged typeface off-its feet twisted letters It refers to the examination made to show the minute details of small objects? A. B. C. D. Physical examination chemical examination microscopic examination ultra-violet light examination It refers to the examination made to show the minute details of small objects? A. B. C. D. Physical examination chemical examination microscopic examination ultra-violet light examination It refers to any form of changes either an addition or a deletion to the original content of a document. A. erasure B. addition C. alteration D. substitution It refers to any form of changes either an addition or a deletion to the original content of a document. A. erasure B. addition C. alteration D. substitution refers to the weakness in strokes characterized by shaky or wavering stroke which is perfectly apparent even without the use of magnification. A. tremor B. genuine tremor C. tremor of fraud D. tremor of illiteracy refers to the weakness in strokes characterized by shaky or wavering stroke which is perfectly apparent even without the use of magnification. A. tremor B. genuine tremor C. tremor of fraud D. tremor of illiteracy An element of writing movement which is characterized as either jerky, smooth or intermittent. A. B. C. D. pressure skills rhythm speed An element of writing movement which is characterized as either jerky, smooth or intermittent. A. B. C. D. pressure skills rhythm speed Which of the following is the best means of developing and photograph in obliterated and charred document? A. Photography with panchromatic film B. photography by transmitted light C. photography by ultraviolet light D. photography by infra-red light Which of the following is the best means of developing and photograph in obliterated and charred document? A. Photography with panchromatic film B. photography by transmitted light C. photography by ultraviolet light D. photography by infra-red light witness who by reason of his special technical training or experience is permitted to express opinion regarding the issue, or a certain aspects of th issue, that is involved in legal proceedings? A. Ordinary witness B. Police investigator C. Microscope D. Expert witness witness who by reason of his special technical training or experience is permitted to express opinion regarding the issue, or a certain aspects of th issue, that is involved in legal proceedings? A. Ordinary witness B. Police investigator C. Microscope D. Expert witness Refers to any property, elements or features which serve to individualized writing. It is otherwise known as identifying details. A. B. C. D. characteristics individual characteristics class characteristics gross characteristics Refers to any property, elements or features which serve to individualized writing. It is otherwise known as identifying details. A. B. C. D. characteristics individual characteristics class characteristics gross characteristics It is a process in which an illegible writing is made, developed or brought back on the surface of the paper itself. A. B. C. D. fuming Restoration Decipherment development It is a process in which an illegible writing is made, developed or brought back on the surface of the paper itself. A. B. C. D. fuming Restoration Decipherment development It refers to the characteristics in writing which can be found not only in writing ofone person but in a group of persons' writing. A. B. C. D. characteristics individual characteristics Personal characteristics gross characteristics (class or general) It refers to the characteristics in writing which can be found not only in writing ofone person but in a group of persons' writing. A. B. C. D. characteristics individual characteristics Personal characteristics gross characteristics (class or general) It is a method of tracing wherein the forger used a considerable force (pressure)in outlining the forged signature through the genuine signature leaving depression marks which will later then traced. A. B. C. D. carbon outline process laser method indention process projection or transmitted light process It is a method of tracing wherein the forger used a considerable force (pressure)in outlining the forged signature through the genuine signature leaving depression marks which will later then traced. A. B. C. D. carbon outline process laser method indention process projection or transmitted light process Refers to characteristics of writing which is sufficiently unique and well fixed to serve as a strong basis for the identity or non-identity of the writing. A. B. C. D. writing habits characteristics significant writing habits class characteristics Refers to characteristics of writing which is sufficiently unique and well fixed to serve as a strong basis for the identity or non-identity of the writing. A. B. C. D. writing habits characteristics significant writing habits class characteristics Any repeated element which serves to distinguishes. A. B. C. D. writing habits significant writing habits exemplar exhibit Any repeated element which serves to distinguishes. A. B. C. D. writing habits significant writing habits exemplar exhibit Questioned Document (Forensic Document Examination) SET 2 By Charlemagne James P. Ramos 1. When did the Americans introduce the ball point pen in the Philippines? A. B. C. D. 1929 1930 1945 1959 1. When did the Americans introduce the ball point pen in the Philippines? A. B. C. D. 1929 1930 1945 1959 2. Legally speaking, what is the description of the act of passing, delivering, or giving a counterfeit coin to another person? A. B. C. D. Counterfeiting Falsification Reproduction Uttering 2. Legally speaking, what is the description of the act of passing, delivering, or giving a counterfeit coin to another person? A. B. C. D. Counterfeiting Falsification Reproduction Uttering 3. The ruled or imaginary line where the letters in the handwriting rests is simply called A. B. C. D. alignment baseline line quality pen position 3. The ruled or imaginary line where the letters in the handwriting rests is simply called A. B. C. D. alignment baseline line quality pen position 4. Preliminary embellished initial stroke which usually occurs in capital letters A. B. C. D. Ascender Beaded Bucklenot Diacritic 4. Preliminary embellished initial stroke which usually occurs in capital letters A. B. C. D. Ascender Beaded Bucklenot Diacritic 5. What technique should be applied in recording original appearance of a charred document that discovered at the crime scene? A. Microphotography B. Infrared photography C. Ultraviolet photography D. The golden rule in crime scene investigation the was 5. What technique should be applied in recording original appearance of a charred document that discovered at the crime scene? A. Microphotography B. Infrared photography C. Ultraviolet photography D. The golden rule in crime scene investigation the was 6. Who is the most influential document examiner America and sometimes regarded as the father of QDE? A. B. C. D. Wilson Harrison Alfred Dreyfus Albert Osborn Gilbert Thompson in 6. Who is the most influential document examiner America and sometimes regarded as the father of QDE? A. B. C. D. Wilson Harrison Alfred Dreyfus Albert Osborn Gilbert Thompson in 7. Which of the following deals primarily on the study of handwriting based on 2 fundamental strokes - the curve and the straight strokes? A. B. C. D. Bibliomancy Graphology Graphometry Grapho-analysis 7. Which of the following deals primarily on the study of handwriting based on 2 fundamental strokes - the curve and the straight strokes? A. B. C. D. Bibliomancy Graphology Graphometry Grapho-analysis 8. The art of handwriting is now known today as A. B. C. D. paleography graphology calligraphy cacography 8. The art of handwriting is now known today as A. B. C. D. paleography graphology calligraphy cacography 9. Paleography came from the Greek word ‘palaios’ which literally meansA. B. C. D. art writing to write old 9. Paleography came from the Greek word ‘palaios’ which literally meansA. B. C. D. art writing to write old 10. Which of the following is considered the earliest material that served the purpose of paper during the ancient times? A. B. C. D. Cellulose from wood pulp Vegetable fiber Papyrus Parchment 10. Which of the following is considered the earliest material that served the purpose of paper during the ancient times? A. B. C. D. Cellulose from wood pulp Vegetable fiber Papyrus Parchment 11. A figure resembling a hole or opening as part of the letter A. B. C. D. Ascender Beaded Bucklenot Eyeloop 11. A figure resembling a hole or opening as part of the letter A. B. C. D. Ascender Beaded Bucklenot Eyeloop 12. What ancient writing material was made of goatskin or sheep skin? A. B. C. D. Papyrus Parchment Vellum Venom 12. What ancient writing material was made of goatskin or sheep skin? A. B. C. D. Papyrus Parchment Vellum Venom 13. Which of these is the oldest ink that was developed? A. Gallotanic ink B. Logwood ink C. Indian ink D. Nigrosine 13. Which of these is the oldest ink that was developed? A. Gallotanic ink B. Logwood ink C. Indian ink D. Nigrosine 14. Which of these refers to the special way how various hand muscles work together to produce written form of the ideas conceived by the mind of the writer? A. B. C. D. Muscle coordination Motor coordination Rhythm Handwriting movement 14. Which of these refers to the special way how various hand muscles work together to produce written form of the ideas conceived by the mind of the writer? A. B. C. D. Muscle coordination Motor coordination Rhythm Handwriting movement 15. Which of these terms is used to describe a line, sentence or paragraph that is inserted in between lines or paragraphs written in a document? A. B. C. D. Addition Superimposition Substitution Interlineations 15. Which of these terms is used to describe a line, sentence or paragraph that is inserted in between lines or paragraphs written in a document? A. B. C. D. Addition Superimposition Substitution Interlineations 16. Who is graphology? regarded A. Aristotle B. Albert Osborne C. Jean Hippolyte Michon D. Camillo Baldi as the grandfather of modern 16. Who is graphology? regarded A. Aristotle B. Albert Osborne C. Jean Hippolyte Michon D. Camillo Baldi as the grandfather of modern 17. There are materials which contain marks, signs or symbols, either visible or partially visible, that may convey a meaning or message to someone. These are called A. B. C. D. questioned documents disputed document documents handwritings 17. There are materials which contain marks, signs or symbols, either visible or partially visible, that may convey a meaning or message to someone. These are called A. B. C. D. questioned documents disputed document documents handwritings 18. Any instrument executed in accordance with the mercantile law that contains disposition of trade rights and obligations is classified as A. B. C. D. public document commercial document notarized document official document 18. Any instrument executed in accordance with the mercantile law that contains disposition of trade rights and obligations is classified as A. B. C. D. public document commercial document notarized document official document 19. A document reasons, unless A. B. C. D. maybe questioned due to the following the circumstances regarding suspicion the document raises skepticism it is objectionable to someone the document is irrefutable its production arouse 19. A document reasons, unless A. B. C. D. maybe questioned due to the following the circumstances regarding suspicion the document raises skepticism it is objectionable to someone the document is irrefutable its production arouse 20. If a document is disputed by one or more persons because of the materials used in their production, then such document is considered A. B. C. D. questioned document holographic documents disputed documents falsified document 20. If a document is disputed by one or more persons because of the materials used in their production, then such document is considered A. B. C. D. questioned document holographic documents disputed documents falsified document 21. Based on the Supreme Court rulings, which of the following legally constitutes a document? A. Pamphlet or book that do not establish any disposition or agreement B. Draft of a payroll for a particular government agency C. Blank forms of official documents D. Neither one of the above 21. Based on the Supreme Court rulings, which of the following legally constitutes a document? A. Pamphlet or book that do not establish any disposition or agreement B. Draft of a payroll for a particular government agency C. Blank forms of official documents D. Neither one of the above 22. The legal classification following, except A. B. C. D. of official document questioned document commercial and private document public document documents are the 22. The legal classification following, except A. B. C. D. of official document questioned document commercial and private document public document documents are the 23. Which of these refers to the art of determining the character or disposition of person by analyzing his handwriting? A. B. C. D. Calligraphy Graphology Haplography QD examination 23. Which of these refers to the art of determining the character or disposition of person by analyzing his handwriting? A. B. C. D. Calligraphy Graphology Haplography QD examination 24. When he investigates a questioned document, the document examiner must follow the scientific method of examination and the first official stage is – A. B. C. D. scientific comparison preliminary investigation evaluation analysis 24. When he investigates a questioned document, the document examiner must follow the scientific method of examination and the first official stage is – A. B. C. D. scientific comparison preliminary investigation evaluation analysis 25. A person, by reason of his special technical training or experience, can be permitted to express his opinion about scientific issues involved in a lawsuit. Legally speaking, what is the best description of this person? A. B. C. D. Document examiner Handwriting expert Expert witness Forensic scientist 25. A person, by reason of his special technical training or experience, can be permitted to express his opinion about scientific issues involved in a lawsuit. Legally speaking, what is the best description of this person? A. B. C. D. Document examiner Handwriting expert Expert witness Forensic scientist 26. A signature which is executed while the writer's hand or arm is steadied in any by another person is classified as – A. B. C. D. model signature disguised signature fraudulent signature guided signature 26. A signature which is executed while the writer's hand or arm is steadied in any by another person is classified as – A. B. C. D. model signature disguised signature fraudulent signature guided signature 27. Paleographers study writings found on ancient documents made of papyrus, parchment, vellum, & waxtablets. From what material is papyrus made of? A. B. C. D. Calf skin Sheep skin Reed grass Goatskin 27. Paleographers study writings found on ancient documents made of papyrus, parchment, vellum, & waxtablets. From what material is papyrus made of? A. B. C. D. Calf skin Sheep skin Reed grass Goatskin 28. What should be used to make the examiner discover or see minute physical details of the writings in a document which would not be possible by merely using his naked eye? A. B. C. D. Transmitted light examination Infra-red light examination Microscopic examination Preliminary examination 28. What should be used to make the examiner discover or see minute physical details of the writings in a document which would not be possible by merely using his naked eye? A. B. C. D. Transmitted light examination Infra-red light examination Microscopic examination Preliminary examination 29. In questioned document examination (and other forms of criminalistic examinations), any significant property or mark that serve as identifying detail of the specimen is referred to as A. B. C. D. writing habits individual characteristics signature handwriting 29. In questioned document examination (and other forms of criminalistic examinations), any significant property or mark that serve as identifying detail of the specimen is referred to as A. B. C. D. writing habits individual characteristics signature handwriting 30. Technically, what is the appropriate term for blotting out or shearing over a word or letter in a document to make the original handwriting invisible to the naked eye? A. B. C. D. Erasure Shading Obliteration Retouching 30. Technically, what is the appropriate term for blotting out or shearing over a word or letter in a document to make the original handwriting invisible to the naked eye? A. B. C. D. Erasure Shading Obliteration Retouching 31. What device can be used to show a tri-dimensional enlargement of writings found in a document under scrutiny? A. B. C. D. Shadowgraph Stereoscopic microscope Ultra-violet lamp Infra-red lamp 31. What device can be used to show a tri-dimensional enlargement of writings found in a document under scrutiny? A. B. C. D. Shadowgraph Stereoscopic microscope Ultra-violet lamp Infra-red lamp 32. What are the 3 stages involved in scientific document examination? A. B. C. D. Evaluation, Comparison & Analysis Off-hand opinion, Evaluation & Decision Theory, Comparison & Examination Analysis, Comparison & Evaluation 32. What are the 3 stages involved in scientific document examination? A. B. C. D. Evaluation, Comparison & Analysis Off-hand opinion, Evaluation & Decision Theory, Comparison & Examination Analysis, Comparison & Evaluation 33. What feature of the document can be used to indicate the source or origin of paper? A. B. C. D. Wire mark Postmark Watermark Compression mark 33. What feature of the document can be used to indicate the source or origin of paper? A. B. C. D. Wire mark Postmark Watermark Compression mark 34. A person who can write either with his left or right hand is called A. B. C. D. ambidextrous analogous bicephalous dextrous or dexterous 34. A person who can write either with his left or right hand is called A. B. C. D. ambidextrous analogous bicephalous dextrous or dexterous 35. What do we call with the result of the writer’s muscular control & coordination as influenced by his age, health, emotional condition, and personality that show uniqueness of his writings? A. B. C. D. Habits General characteristics Strokes Individual characteristics 35. What do we call with the result of the writer’s muscular control & coordination as influenced by his age, health, emotional condition, and personality that show uniqueness of his writings? A. B. C. D. Habits General characteristics Strokes Individual characteristics 36. If our hands have 3 groups of muscles that are used in the act of writing, what muscles are used in pushing the pen for the upward strokes of our handwriting? A. B. C. D. Flexor muscles Extensor muscles Lumbricals Biceps 36. If our hands have 3 groups of muscles that are used in the act of writing, what muscles are used in pushing the pen for the upward strokes of our handwriting? A. B. C. D. Flexor muscles Extensor muscles Lumbricals Biceps 37. What line of inquiry in QDE is intended to determine the basic nature of the document whether it is authentic or not? A. B. C. D. Analyze the details Ascertain the facts Qualify the case Recognize the characteristics 37. What line of inquiry in QDE is intended to determine the basic nature of the document whether it is authentic or not? A. B. C. D. Analyze the details Ascertain the facts Qualify the case Recognize the characteristics 38. What handwriting is made by a person with the intention of hiding his identity by deliberate altering his normal habits of writing? A. B. C. D. Forgery Normal writing Disguised writing Tremulous writing 38. What handwriting is made by a person with the intention of hiding his identity by deliberate altering his normal habits of writing? A. B. C. D. Forgery Normal writing Disguised writing Tremulous writing 39. What is the modern term of a handwriting specimen obtained personally from a known source that can be used by the examiner as the basis for his ID or non-ID of the writings found in a QD? A. B. C. D. Handwriting standards Samples Collected standard Exemplar 39. What is the modern term of a handwriting specimen obtained personally from a known source that can be used by the examiner as the basis for his ID or non-ID of the writings found in a QD? A. B. C. D. Handwriting standards Samples Collected standard Exemplar 40. Questioned document comparing questioned handwriting to determine A. B. C. D. examination handwriting authentic document the falsification committed the writer's identity any sign of forgery often involves with known 40. Questioned document comparing questioned handwriting to determine A. B. C. D. examination handwriting authentic document the falsification committed the writer's identity any sign of forgery often involves with known 41. A genuine signature which has been used to prepare imitated or traced signature is known as A. B. C. D. exemplars standard signature model signature formal signature 41. A genuine signature which has been used to prepare imitated or traced signature is known as A. B. C. D. exemplars standard signature model signature formal signature 42. What handwriting movement is usually used by children and barely literate people? The thumb, index and middle finger are the ones in actual motion while the person is writing. A. B. C. D. Finger movement Hand movement Forearm movement Whole arm movement 42. What handwriting movement is usually used by children and barely literate people? The thumb, index and middle finger are the ones in actual motion while the person is writing. A. B. C. D. Finger movement Hand movement Forearm movement Whole arm movement 43. The top portion of a letter forming an upper loop A. B. C. D. Ascender Beaded Bucklenot Diacritic 43. The top portion of a letter forming an upper loop A. B. C. D. Ascender Beaded Bucklenot Diacritic 44. If cases are lost mostly not in the court room but at the prosecutor’s office when the documentary exhibits are presented for the first time, what then is considered the key to successful questioned document examination? A. B. C. D. Logical progress of inquiry Scientific evaluation of the documents Analysis of handwriting characteristics Preliminary examination of documentary exhibits 44. If cases are lost mostly not in the court room but at the prosecutor’s office when the documentary exhibits are presented for the first time, what then is considered the key to successful questioned document examination? A. B. C. D. Logical progress of inquiry Scientific evaluation of the documents Analysis of handwriting characteristics Preliminary examination of documentary exhibits 45. A gap occurring between without lifting the pen A. Foot B. Hiatus C. Hump D. Ligature a continuous stroke 45. A gap occurring between without lifting the pen A. Foot B. Hiatus C. Hump D. Ligature a continuous stroke 46. The bottom part of the letter which rests on the base line A. Foot B. Hiatus C. Hump D. Ligature 46. The bottom part of the letter which rests on the base line A. Foot B. Hiatus C. Hump D. Ligature 47. Due to brain infection caused by a head injury, Brenda lost the ability to write in an orderly fashion although she can still manage to manipulate writing materials. Brenda is suffering from – A. B. C. D. agraphia aphasia Alzheimer’s disease dyslexia 47. Due to brain infection caused by a head injury, Brenda lost the ability to write in an orderly fashion although she can still manage to manipulate writing materials. Brenda is suffering from – A. B. C. D. agraphia aphasia Alzheimer’s disease dyslexia 48. Which of these refers to the act of the author in intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surface with increasing pressure while writing? A. B. C. D. Pen Pen Pen Pen emphasis hold lift pressure 48. Which of these refers to the act of the author in intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surface with increasing pressure while writing? A. B. C. D. Pen Pen Pen Pen emphasis hold lift pressure 49. There is interruption in a stroke caused by removing the writing instrument from the paper. This is described as A. B. C. D. pen hold pen lift retouching tremor 49. There is interruption in a stroke caused by removing the writing instrument from the paper. This is described as A. B. C. D. pen hold pen lift retouching tremor 50. The existence of more movement impulse in the questioned signature as compared with the standard signature indicates what? A.Poor line quality B.Forgery C.Traced D.Poor pen lift 50. The existence of more movement impulse in the questioned signature as compared with the standard signature indicates what? A.Poor line quality B.Forgery C.Traced D.Poor pen lift 51. In handwriting examination, the imaginary line upon which the writing rests is called what line? A.Note B.Vase C.Base D.Stroke 51. In handwriting examination, the imaginary line upon which the writing rests is called what line? A.Note B.Vase C.Base D.Stroke 52. One of the ways in determining manufacture of the paper is by the? A.Secret code B.Copyright C.Production code D.Watermark the date of the 52. One of the ways in determining manufacture of the paper is by the? A.Secret code B.Copyright C.Production code D.Watermark the date of the 53. Which of the following government issued I.D. cards on documents had an edge over the others with respect to the authenticity, acceptability and legality? The document with: A.Signature and thumbmark B.Signature only C.Thumbmark only D.Photo and signature 53. Which of the following government issued I.D. cards on documents had an edge over the others with respect to the authenticity, acceptability and legality? The document with: A.Signature and thumbmark B.Signature only C.Thumbmark only D.Photo and signature 54. The document examiner’s work is basically comparing the questioned document to that of the: A.Official specimen B.Certified copies C.Admissible specimen D.Standard specimen that of 54. The document examiner’s work is basically comparing the questioned document to that of the: A.Official specimen B.Certified copies C.Admissible specimen D.Standard specimen that of 55. A document duly signed or notarized by a former RTC judge is what kind of document? A.Private B.Personal C.Official D.Public 55. A document duly signed or notarized by a former RTC judge is what kind of document? A.Private B.Personal C.Official D.Public 56. In questioned documents, the retouching or going back over to a defective portion of a writing stroke is called? A.Slicing B.All of these C.Embracing D.Patching 56. In questioned documents, the retouching or going back over to a defective portion of a writing stroke is called? A.Slicing B.All of these C.Embracing D.Patching 57. In questioned signature document examinations, the number of standard specimen required is at least how many? A.10 B.6 C.8 D.7 57. In questioned signature document examinations, the number of standard specimen required is at least how many? A.10 B.6 C.8 D.7 58. To a biologist, it is a microscope: to a document examiner, it is? A.Telescope B.Cameras C.Stethoscope D.Magnifying glasses 58. To a biologist, it is a microscope: to a document examiner, it is? A.Telescope B.Cameras C.Stethoscope D.Magnifying glasses 59. In questioned documents inquiry, the addition of writing and other materials between lines or paragraphs or the addition of whole pages to a document is called? A.Insertion or interlineation B.Attribution C.Supplication D.Contrition 59. In questioned documents inquiry, the addition of writing and other materials between lines or paragraphs or the addition of whole pages to a document is called? A.Insertion or interlineation B.Attribution C.Supplication D.Contrition 60. Basically, the main job of a document examiner is to compare the questioned document with the? A.Stolen but readable documents B.Stolen but recovered documents C.Highly suspected altered documents D.Standard documents 60. Basically, the main job of a document examiner is to compare the questioned document with the? A.Stolen but readable documents B.Stolen but recovered documents C.Highly suspected altered documents D.Standard documents 61. When there is alteration or erasure in a document such document is questionable. When such change is effected in order to speak the truth, then such action is? A.Disputable B.Questionable C.Fraudulent D.Alright 61. When there is alteration or erasure in a document such document is questionable. When such change is effected in order to speak the truth, then such action is? A.Disputable B.Questionable C.Fraudulent D.Alright 62. There are several classes of questioned documents but MOST disputed documents are documents with: A.Questioned signature; B.Questioned typewriting; C.Forgery; D.Alternations; 62. There are several classes of questioned documents but MOST disputed documents are documents with: A.Questioned signature; B.Questioned typewriting; C.Forgery; D.Alternations; 63. In typewriting examination, the first step to consider in the procurement of typewriting exemplars is to? A.Study the questioned typewriting B.Prepare the exemplars C.Locate the typewriter used D.Acquisition of similar typewriter 63. In typewriting examination, the first step to consider in the procurement of typewriting exemplars is to? A.Study the questioned typewriting B.Prepare the exemplars C.Locate the typewriter used D.Acquisition of similar typewriter 64. In typewriter examination, the type race detects in which the letters are printed to the right or to the left of its proper position is termed as what? A.Horizontal malalignment B.Off-beat alignment C.Twisted print D.Vertical malalignment 64. In typewriter examination, the type race detects in which the letters are printed to the right or to the left of its proper position is termed as what? A.Horizontal malalignment B.Off-beat alignment C.Twisted print D.Vertical malalignment 65. The type of forgery which is made when the writer exerts no much efforts to effect resemblance of facsimile between the forged and genuine signature is called? A.Traced B.Spurious C.Simulated D.Simple 65. The type of forgery which is made when the writer exerts no much efforts to effect resemblance of facsimile between the forged and genuine signature is called? A.Traced B.Spurious C.Simulated D.Simple 66. In questioned documents, the retouching or going back over to a defective portion of a writing stroke is called? A.All of these B.Embracing C.Slicing D.Patching 66. In questioned documents, the retouching or going back over to a defective portion of a writing stroke is called? A.All of these B.Embracing C.Slicing D.Patching 67. In questioned document, any stroke which goes back over another writing strokes is called? A.Retracing B.Restroking C.Retouching D.Reforming 67. In questioned document, any stroke which goes back over another writing strokes is called? A.Retracing B.Restroking C.Retouching D.Reforming 68. Which of the following documents is the other term of questioned document? A.Disputed B.Guided C.Blurred D.Cased 68. Which of the following documents is the other term of questioned document? A.Disputed B.Guided C.Blurred D.Cased 69. A document examination that uses invisible radiation beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum (rainbow) is called? A. infra-red examination B. radiation C. ultra-violet examination D. hazy sunlight examination 69. A document examination that uses invisible radiation beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum (rainbow) is called? A. infra-red examination B. radiation C. ultra-violet examination D. hazy sunlight examination 70. In questioned document examination, good open control is a sign of forgery in guided? A. markings C. missile B. forgery D. hand signature 70. In questioned document examination, good open control is a sign of forgery in guided? A. markings C. missile B. forgery D. hand signature 71. Can there be a conclusive and legally valid findings in a questioned document case if no original copy was produced for comparison? A. yes C. it depends B. no D. oftentimes 71. Can there be a conclusive and legally valid findings in a questioned document case if no original copy was produced for comparison? A. yes C. it depends B. no D. oftentimes 72. In questioned document examination, the other term of burned document is? A. blackened document B. charred document C. none of these D. poisoned document 72. In questioned document examination, the other term of burned document is? A. blackened document B. charred document C. none of these D. poisoned document 73. In writing controversy, it refers to the obscuring of writing by superimposing ink, pencil or other writing material. It is called what kind of writing? A. Obliterated C. Slanted B. Indented D. Illegible 73. In writing controversy, it refers to the obscuring of writing by superimposing ink, pencil or other writing material. It is called what kind of writing? A. Obliterated C. Slanted B. Indented D. Illegible 74. As a possible future expert in questioned document, you must know the acknowledged “Father of Questioned document” and he is? A. John Hansbury C. Albert Osborn B. John Adams D. Dr. Hans Gross 74. As a possible future expert in questioned document, you must know the acknowledged “Father of Questioned document” and he is? A. John Hansbury C. Albert Osborn B. John Adams D. Dr. Hans Gross 75. The dates of the standard specimen should be how many years before and after the questioned document? A. two C. five B. three D. seven 75. The dates of the standard specimen should be how many years before and after the questioned document? A. two C. five B. three D. seven 76. With a very clear machine copy (powder) of a questioned document and as good as original and with several (more than 20) standards, as a document examiner, can you have a definitive and legally accepted opinion? A. yes C. seldom B. sometimes D. no 76. With a very clear machine copy (powder) of a questioned document and as good as original and with several (more than 20) standards, as a document examiner, can you have a definitive and legally accepted opinion? A. yes C. seldom B. sometimes D. no 77. The assumption is, “no two writers write exactly alike”. Every person has his/her own way/manner of holding pen, so the resultant effect is to produce an entirely different? A. replica of writing C. modes of quantity B. observations D. strokes or writing 77. The assumption is, “no two writers write exactly alike”. Every person has his/her own way/manner of holding pen, so the resultant effect is to produce an entirely different? A. replica of writing C. modes of quantity B. observations D. strokes or writing 78. In questioned document inquiry, when we speak of insertion or interlineation in a document, it refers to the addition of? A. paper marks C. forgery B. standards D. writing 78. In questioned document inquiry, when we speak of insertion or interlineation in a document, it refers to the addition of? A. paper marks C. forgery B. standards D. writing 79. What is this natural phenomenon that even expert document examiners cannot give an opinion as regards a questioned document case without it? A. Natural talent C. Eclipse B. Light D. Acquired knowledge 79. What is this natural phenomenon that even expert document examiners cannot give an opinion as regards a questioned document case without it? A. Natural talent C. Eclipse B. Light D. Acquired knowledge 80. A sign of forgery in guided hands signature is: a. Bad shading c. good pen control b. Irregular alignment d. discounted stroke 80. A sign of forgery in guided hands signature is: a. Bad shading c. good pen control b. Irregular alignment d. discounted stroke 81. In question document inquiry, it is a kind of movement wherein the writer uses his/her entire arm in writing without rest and is usually employed in large writing. What kind of writing is it? A. Muscular C. finger B. Forearm D. whole arm 81. In question document inquiry, it is a kind of movement wherein the writer uses his/her entire arm in writing without rest and is usually employed in large writing. What kind of writing is it? A. Muscular C. finger B. Forearm D. whole arm 82. In questioned signature methods and these are tracing A. Shading B. Copying cases, there are two forging and? C. simulating D. imitating 82. In questioned signature methods and these are tracing A. Shading B. Copying cases, there are two forging and? C. simulating D. imitating 83. In homicide or murder, the cause of death and existence of the Victim is a MUST. In Questioned document examination, which of the following is indispensable? A. Officially prepared document B. Computer printout C. Newly discovered documents D. Standard documents 83. In homicide or murder, the cause of death and existence of the Victim is a MUST. In Questioned document examination, which of the following is indispensable? A. Officially prepared document B. Computer printout C. Newly discovered documents D. Standard documents 84. Involuntary divergence of the pen line from natural direction in the formation of letters. a. b. c. d. Tremor Hiatus Shading loose writing the 84. Involuntary divergence of the pen line from natural direction in the formation of letters. a. b. c. d. Tremor Hiatus Shading loose writing the 85. Regarded as a special form of pen lift disguise in which a perceptible group appears in the writing. a. b. c. d. Diacritic Hiatus Hesitation Tremor 85. Regarded as a special form of pen lift disguise in which a perceptible group appears in the writing. a. b. c. d. Diacritic Hiatus Hesitation Tremor 86. A typewriter defect that can be corrected cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon. a. b. c. d. Transitory defect Typeface defect Alignment defect Permanent defect by 86. A typewriter defect that can be corrected cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon. a. b. c. d. Transitory defect Typeface defect Alignment defect Permanent defect by 87. To be able to make a positive identification of a person, document examiner must be able to observe the – a. b. c. d. Characteristics of his handwriting Writing position of the writer Manner on how the writer moves the pen Distinguishing individual features of his handwriting 87. To be able to make a positive identification of a person, document examiner must be able to observe the – a. b. c. d. Characteristics of his handwriting Writing position of the writer Manner on how the writer moves the pen Distinguishing individual features of his handwriting 88. Writing characterized by too much freedom of movement and lack of regulation which is usually tall letters. a. b. c. d. Loss writing Restrained writing Genuine writing Regulated writing 88. Writing characterized by too much freedom of movement and lack of regulation which is usually tall letters. a. b. c. d. Loss writing Restrained writing Genuine writing Regulated writing 89. Contemporary handwriting standards means that the age of the standard should be within – a. b. c. d. 5 years prior to the date of the questioned document 10 years prior to the date of the questioned document 8 years prior to the date of the questioned document 12 years prior to the date of the questioned document 89. Contemporary handwriting standards means that the age of the standard should be within – a. b. c. d. 5 years prior to the date of the questioned document 10 years prior to the date of the questioned document 8 years prior to the date of the questioned document 12 years prior to the date of the questioned document 90. The identification of handwriting is based on the proposition that – a. b. c. d. People People People All of are are are the all alike with different handwriting all different foregoing 90. The identification of handwriting is based on the proposition that – a. b. c. d. People People People All of are are are the all alike with different handwriting all different foregoing 91. One that is executed in accordance with the Code of Commerce or any Mercantile Law, containing disposition of commercial rights or obligations. A. Commercial document B. Holographic wills C. Notarial wills D. Private document 91. One that is executed in accordance with the Code of Commerce or any Mercantile Law, containing disposition of commercial rights or obligations. A. Commercial document B. Holographic wills C. Notarial wills D. Private document 92. The term _______ include the addition of writing and other material between lines or paragraphs or the addition of whole page to a document. A. Insertion or interlineations B. Integration C. Obliteration D. None of these 92. The term _______ include the addition of writing and other material between lines or paragraphs or the addition of whole page to a document. A. Insertion or interlineations B. Integration C. Obliteration D. None of these 93. In questioned document examination, what is an “OFFHAND OPINION”? A. A conclusion that is not based on scientific examination B. A mere speculation of facts contained in the document C. A scientific findings as to the content of document D. All of these 93. In questioned document examination, what is an “OFFHAND OPINION”? A. A conclusion that is not based on scientific examination B. A mere speculation of facts contained in the document C. A scientific findings as to the content of document D. All of these 94. It is a kind of handwriting that is characterized by being connected in which one letter is joined to the next. A. Script B. Block C. Vigorous D. Cursive 94. It is a kind of handwriting that is characterized by being connected in which one letter is joined to the next. A. Script B. Block C. Vigorous D. Cursive 95. A writer may deliberately try to alter his usual writing habits in hopes of hiding his identity. The results, regardless of their effectiveness are termed as ___. A. Down stroke B. Gestalt C. Disguised writing D. Graphology 95. A writer may deliberately try to alter his usual writing habits in hopes of hiding his identity. The results, regardless of their effectiveness are termed as ___. A. Down stroke B. Gestalt C. Disguised writing D. Graphology 96. The place where the writer grasps the barrel of the pen and the angle at which he holds it is called A. Pen lift B. Pen hold C. Print script D. Pren pressure 96. The place where the writer grasps the barrel of the pen and the angle at which he holds it is called A. Pen lift B. Pen hold C. Print script D. Pren pressure 97. The element of the writing movement which is marked by regular or periodic recurrences. It may be classed as smooth, intermittent, or jerky in its quality. A. Shading B. Simplification C. Slope slant D. Rhythm 97. The element of the writing movement which is marked by regular or periodic recurrences. It may be classed as smooth, intermittent, or jerky in its quality. A. Shading B. Simplification C. Slope slant D. Rhythm 98. What do we call the series of lines or curves written in a single letter; one of the lines of an alphabet or series of lines or curves within a single letter; the path traced by the pen on the paper? A. Pen lift B. Slope C. Delta D. Stroke 98. What do we call the series of lines or curves written in a single letter; one of the lines of an alphabet or series of lines or curves within a single letter; the path traced by the pen on the paper? A. Pen lift B. Slope C. Delta D. Stroke 99. One is not a type of handwriting "Standards" A. Collected Standards B. Requested standards C. Post litem motan exemplars D. None of these 99. One is not a type of handwriting "Standards" A. Collected Standards B. Requested standards C. Post litem motan exemplars D. None of these 100. The act/process of making the content/s of a document not the intended content. A. falsification B. counterfeiting C. forgery D. erasure 100. The act/process of making the content/s of a document not the intended content. A. falsification B. counterfeiting C. forgery D. erasure Questioned Document (Forensic Document Examination) SET 3 By Charlemagne James P. Ramos 1. is the introductory background stroke added to the beginning of many capital letters? It is also seen occasionally in introductory strokes of some small letters. A. Buckle knot B. Hitch C. Beard D. Hook 1. is the introductory background stroke added to the beginning of many capital letters? It is also seen occasionally in introductory strokes of some small letters. A. Buckle knot B. Hitch C. Beard D. Hook 2. A kind of document which is executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary public, or of competent public official, by which some disposition of agreement is proved. A. commercial document B. official document C. public document D. private document 2. A kind of document which is executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary public, or of competent public official, by which some disposition of agreement is proved. A. commercial document B. official document C. public document D. private document 3. A. B. C. D. synonymous with the term “alignment defect”. Malalignment Maliganant Malignant Mainamale 3. A. B. C. D. synonymous with the term “alignment defect”. Malalignment Maliganant Malignant Mainamale 4. is a distinct or peculiar character. It is used in describing handwriting to refer to any identifying factor, which is related to the writing movement itself. A. Characteristics B. Quality C. Writing habit D. All of the above 4. is a distinct or peculiar character. It is used in describing handwriting to refer to any identifying factor, which is related to the writing movement itself. A. Characteristics B. Quality C. Writing habit D. All of the above 5. The study of handwriting personality traits is called A. handwriting analysis B. graphology C. dactyloscopy D. fecalysis to determine one's 5. The study of handwriting personality traits is called A. handwriting analysis B. graphology C. dactyloscopy D. fecalysis to determine one's 6. A document in which some issues have been raised or is under scrutiny. A. Void Document B. Illegal Document C. Forged Document D. Questioned Document 6. A document in which some issues have been raised or is under scrutiny. A. Void Document B. Illegal Document C. Forged Document D. Questioned Document 7.Standards which are prepared upon the request of the investigator and for the purpose of comparison with the questioned document. A. relative standards B. collected standards C. extended standards D. requested standards 7.Standards which are prepared upon the request of the investigator and for the purpose of comparison with the questioned document. A. relative standards B. collected standards C. extended standards D. requested standards 8.Any which which goes backgoes over another stroke. 8.Anystroke stroke back writing over another A. natural variation writing stroke. B. rhythm A.natural variation C. retracing B.rhythm D. shading C.retracing D.shading 8.Any stroke which goes back over another writing stroke. A. natural variation B. rhythm C. retracing D. shading 9.A document which is being questioned because of its origin, its contents or the circumstances or the stories of its production. A. disputed document B. standard document C. requested document D. questioned document 9.A document which is being questioned because of its origin, its contents or the circumstances or the stories of its production. A. disputed document B. standard document C. requested document D. questioned document 10.An instrument that can be legally used in comparison with a questioned document, its origin is known and can be proven. A. simulated document B. forged document C. standard document D. compared document 10.An instrument that can be legally used in comparison with a questioned document, its origin is known and can be proven. A. simulated document B. forged document C. standard document D. compared document 11.Condensed and compact set of authentic specimen which is adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the material from known sources. A. disguised document B. questioned document C. standard document D. requested document 11.Condensed and compact set of authentic specimen which is adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the material from known sources. A. disguised document B. questioned document C. standard document D. requested document 12. is the act of making a close and critical study of any material and with questioned documents is the process necessary to discover the facts about them. Various types are undertaken, including microscope visual, photographic chemical, ultraviolet and infrared examination. A. Identification B. Comparison C. Examination D. All of the above 12. is the act of making a close and critical study of any material and with questioned documents is the process necessary to discover the facts about them. Various types are undertaken, including microscope visual, photographic chemical, ultraviolet and infrared examination. A. Identification B. Comparison C. Examination D. All of the above 13.A document which contains some changes either as an addition or deletion. A. inserted document B. altered document C. disputed document D. obliterated document 13.A document which contains some changes either as an addition or deletion. A. inserted document B. altered document C. disputed document D. obliterated document 14. What is known as the blotting out or shearing over the writing to make the original invisible to as an addition? A. Obliteration B. Obscuration C. Forged D. None of these 14. What is known as the blotting out or shearing over the writing to make the original invisible to as an addition? A. Obliteration B. Obscuration C. Forged D. None of these 15.A kind of erasure by using a rubber eraser, sharp knife, razor blade or picking instrument. A. mechanical erasure B. electronic erasure C. magnetic erasure D. chemical erasure 15.A kind of erasure by using a rubber eraser, sharp knife, razor blade or picking instrument. A. mechanical erasure B. electronic erasure C. magnetic erasure D. chemical erasure 16.It is the periodic increase in pressure, characterized by widening of the ink stroke. A. Shading B. pen lift C. pen emphasis D. pen pressure 16.It is the periodic increase in pressure, characterized by widening of the ink stroke. A. Shading B. pen lift C. pen emphasis D. pen pressure 17. A kind of document executed by a person in authority and by private parties but notarized by competent officials. A. private document B. commercial document C. public document D. official document 17. A kind of document executed by a person in authority and by private parties but notarized by competent officials. A. private document B. commercial document C. public document D. official document 18.In the study of questioned documents, what do you call the quality of paper that does not allow light to pass through or which prevents dark objects from being seen through the paper? A. Opacity B. Watermarks C. Skid marks D. Invisibility 18.In the study of questioned documents, what do you call the quality of paper that does not allow light to pass through or which prevents dark objects from being seen through the paper? A. Opacity B. Watermarks C. Skid marks D. Invisibility 19.What is the oldest ink material known? A. Ball point pen ink B. Chinese Ink C. Aniline Ink D. White Ink 19.What is the oldest ink material known? A. Ball point pen ink B. Chinese Ink C. Aniline Ink D. White Ink 20.One in which the facts appearing therein may not be true, and are contested either in whole or part with respect to its authenticity, identity, or origin. A. Questioned document B. Illegal document C. Falsified document D. Disputed facts 20.One in which the facts appearing therein may not be true, and are contested either in whole or part with respect to its authenticity, identity, or origin. A. Questioned document B. Illegal document C. Falsified document D. Disputed facts 21.Are and compact of authentic specimens 21.Arecondensed condensed and setcompact set of which, if adequate and proper,should authentic specimens which, if adequate and contain a cross section of the material from a known proper,should contain cross section of source for questioned document a examination. A. Basis products from the material a known source for B. Standards document examination. questioned C. Handwriting A.Basis products D. Signatures B.Standards C.Handwriting D.Signatures 21.Are condensed and compact set of authentic specimens which, if adequate and proper,should contain a cross section of the material from a known source for questioned document examination. A. Basis products B. Standards C. Handwriting D. Signatures 22. the quality of the nib pen that varies with the different pens and can be measured by the amount of pressure necessary to cause a spreading of the nibs or a given degree of shading. A. Flexibility of pen point B. Capability of pen point C. Variety of pen point D. Quality of pen point 22. the quality of the nib pen that varies with the different pens and can be measured by the amount of pressure necessary to cause a spreading of the nibs or a given degree of shading. A. Flexibility of pen point B. Capability of pen point C. Variety of pen point D. Quality of pen point 23. described a photographic court exhibits which is designed to be held and examined by the individual juror or pair of jurors. A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit 23. described a photographic court exhibits which is designed to be held and examined by the individual juror or pair of jurors. A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit 24.When a document is issued and notarized by a notary public or competent public official with solemnities required by law, it is called A. Official document B. Public document C. Commercial document D. Private Document 24.When a document is issued and notarized by a notary public or competent public official with solemnities required by law, it is called A. Official document B. Public document C. Commercial document D. Private Document 25. In this kind of document examination, the document is viewed with the source of illumination behind it and the light passing through the paper. Documents are subjected to this type of examination to determine the presence of erasures, matching of serrations and some other types of alterations. A. Microscopic examination B. Ultra violet examination C. Photographic examination D. Transmitted light examination 25. In this kind of document examination, the document is viewed with the source of illumination behind it and the light passing through the paper. Documents are subjected to this type of examination to determine the presence of erasures, matching of serrations and some other types of alterations. A. Microscopic examination B. Ultra violet examination C. Photographic examination D. Transmitted light examination 26. Is a result of bodily movement, which is almost unconscious of fixed muscular habit, reacting from fixed mental impression of certain idea with script form? A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit 26. Is a result of bodily movement, which is almost unconscious of fixed muscular habit, reacting from fixed mental impression of certain idea with script form? A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit 27. is the base or bottom of a letter that lies on the line of writing. A. Base B. Rest C. Foot D. All of the above 27. is the base or bottom of a letter that lies on the line of writing. A. Base B. Rest C. Foot D. All of the above 28. means that there is argument or controversy over the document. A. Questioned Document B. Disputed Document C. Disguised Writing D. All of the above 28. means that there is argument or controversy over the document. A. Questioned Document B. Disputed Document C. Disguised Writing D. All of the above 29. Any property or mark which distinguishes and in document examination commonly called to as the identifying details si called A. Standard B. Characteristics C. Attribute D. Form 29. Any property or mark which distinguishes and in document examination commonly called to as the identifying details si called A. Standard B. Characteristics C. Attribute D. Form 30. In the study handwriting, toward the writer is called A. Downstroke B. Backstroke C. Sidestroke D. None of these the movement of the pen 30. In the study handwriting, toward the writer is called A. Downstroke B. Backstroke C. Sidestroke D. None of these the movement of the pen 31.It signedsigned at a particular time and 31.Itisisa asignature, signature, at a particular place, under particular conditions, while the signer was time under particular at particular and age, inplace, a particular physical and mental conditions, while the signer condition, using particular implements, and withwas a particular reason and purpose recording his name. at particular age, in for a particular physical A. Fraudulent and mental Signature condition, using particular B. Freehand forged signature implements, and with a particular reason and C. Guided Signature purpose for recording his name. D. Evidential Signature A.Fraudulent Signature B.Freehand forged signature C.Guided Signature D.Evidential Signature 31.It is a signature, signed at a particular time and place, under particular conditions, while the signer was at particular age, in a particular physical and mental condition, using particular implements, and with a particular reason and purpose for recording his name. A. Fraudulent Signature B. Freehand forged signature C. Guided Signature D. Evidential Signature 32.The following are characteristics of one: A. Presence of Natural Variation B. Multiple Pen Lifts C. Show bad quality of ink lines D. Patchwork Appearance forgery except 32.The following are characteristics of one: A. Presence of Natural Variation B. Multiple Pen Lifts C. Show bad quality of ink lines D. Patchwork Appearance forgery except 33.A fluid or viscous marking material used for writing or printing. A. Pen B. Ink C. Coal D. Chalk 33.A fluid or viscous marking material used for writing or printing. A. Pen B. Ink C. Coal D. Chalk 34. is the greater pressure on strokes or the initial stroke. A. Pen emphasis B. Initial emphasis C. Letter emphasis D. All of the above 34. is the greater pressure on strokes or the initial stroke. A. Pen emphasis B. Initial emphasis C. Letter emphasis D. All of the above 35.In 1884, who was this insurance agent in New York who patented the first practical fountain pen containing its own ink reservoir A. Lewis Waterman B. John Loud C. Peter Reynolds D. Henry Ball 35.In 1884, who was this insurance agent in New York who patented the first practical fountain pen containing its own ink reservoir A. Lewis Waterman B. John Loud (Ball Point Pen) C. Peter Reynolds D. Henry Ball 36.The art of beautiful writing is known as A. Drafting B. Calligraphy C. Art appreciation D. Gothic 36.The art of beautiful writing is known as A. Drafting B. Calligraphy C. Art appreciation D. Gothic 37.The name of a person written by him/her in a document as a sign of acknowledgement. A. Opinion B. Document C. Signature D. Handwriting 37.The name of a person written by him/her in a document as a sign of acknowledgement. A. Opinion B. Document C. Signature D. Handwriting 38. is the term applied to the irregular thickening, which is formed when the writing shows down or stops down while a penman takes stocks of the position. A. Hesitation B. Hiatus C. Hitch D. All of the above 38. is the term applied to the irregular thickening, which is formed when the writing shows down or stops down while a penman takes stocks of the position. A. Hesitation B. Hiatus C. Hitch D. All of the above 39. is small looped form by strokes that exerted in divergent direction as in “b”, “c”, “f”, “k”, “p”, “r”, “s”, and “z”. A. Eye loop B. Eyelet C. Ductus D. A and B 39. is small looped form by strokes that exerted in divergent direction as in “b”, “c”, “f”, “k”, “p”, “r”, “s”, and “z”. A. Eye loop B. Eyelet C. Ductus D. A and B 40. It works on a very simple principle, a tiny rotating ball pick-up a supply of a link by contact with that contained in a reservoir and then transmits it to the paper. A. Ball pen B. Fountain pen C. Plume D. Ballpoint pen 40. It works on a very simple principle, a tiny rotating ball pick-up a supply of a link by contact with that contained in a reservoir and then transmits it to the paper. A. Ball pen B. Fountain pen C. Plume D. Ballpoint pen 41. a disconnected style of writing in which each letter is written separately is a form of hand lettering of hand printing. A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit 41. a disconnected style of writing in which each letter is written separately is a form of hand lettering of hand printing. A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit 42. are characterized by writing are all capital letters or printed. A. Cursive B. Block style C. Capslock D. Lettering 42. are characterized by writing are all capital letters or printed. A. Cursive B. Block style C. Capslock D. Lettering 43. include characters which write improperly in the following respects twisted letter; horizontal mal alignment, vertical mal alignment, and a character ‘ off- its feet”. A. Lining B. Alignment C. Base D. All of the above 43. include characters which write improperly in the following respects twisted letter; horizontal mal alignment, vertical mal alignment, and a character ‘ off- its feet”. A. Lining B. Alignment C. Base D. All of the above 44. are writing executed in condition not normal to individual writer such as standing position, lying, walking, on a moving vehicle, under pressure, threat and similar condition. A. Hard Writing Condition B. Abnormal Writing condition C. Normal Writing Condition D. All of the above 44. are writing executed in condition not normal to individual writer such as standing position, lying, walking, on a moving vehicle, under pressure, threat and similar condition. A. Hard Writing Condition B. Abnormal Writing condition C. Normal Writing Condition D. All of the above 45. is fully rounded oval or circular form in a letter complete in an “o’ or modified “ B”, “D’, “P” and “ R”. A. Buckle knot B. Blunt C. Body D. Bowl 45. is fully rounded oval or circular form in a letter complete in an “o’ or modified “ B”, “D’, “P” and “ R”. A. Buckle knot B. Blunt C. Body D. Bowl 46. is the horizontal loop that are complete such as “ A”, “B”. “H” and “K”. A. Buckle knot B. Blunt C. Body D. Bowl often used to 46. is the horizontal loop that are complete such as “ A”, “B”. “H” and “K”. A. Buckle knot B. Blunt C. Body D. Bowl often used to 47. It is characterized as bad writing. A. Caligraphy B. Cocography C. Cocagraphy D. Cacography 47. It is characterized as bad writing. A. Caligraphy B. Cocography C. Cocagraphy D. Cacography 48. is the art of beautiful writing. A. Calligraphy B. Caligraphy C. Kaligraphy D. Kalligraphy 48. is the art of beautiful writing. A. Calligraphy B. Caligraphy C. Kaligraphy D. Kalligraphy 49. inks in the carbon class consist of a finely ground carbon particles. A. Black ink B. Carbon ink C. Ink D. Carbon trace 49. inks in the carbon class consist of a finely ground carbon particles. A. Black ink B. Carbon ink C. Ink D. Carbon trace 50. a writing habit in any expected elements of defect, which may serve as identifying characteristics in individuals writing. A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit 50. a writing habit in any expected elements of defect, which may serve as identifying characteristics in individuals writing. A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit 51. is the ruled or imaginary line which letter rest. A. Restingline B. Footline C. Letterline D. Baseline 51. is the ruled or imaginary line which letter rest. A. Restingline B. Footline C. Letterline D. Baseline 52. means critical examination. A. Comparison B. Collation C. Identification D. Conclusion comparison or side-by-side 52. means critical examination. A. Comparison B. Collation C. Identification D. Conclusion comparison or side-by-side 53. is the beginning and ending stroke of letter both small and capital in which the pen touched the paper without hesitation, beard, hitch or knob. A. Buckle knot B. Blunt C. Body D. Bowl 53. is the beginning and ending stroke of letter both small and capital in which the pen touched the paper without hesitation, beard, hitch or knob. A. Buckle knot B. Blunt C. Body D. Bowl 54. is that act of setting of two or more items side by side to weight their identifying quantities. It infers not only a visual but also the mental act which the elements of one item are related to the counterparts of the other. A. Comparison B. Collation C. Identification D. Conclusion 54. is that act of setting of two or more items side by side to weight their identifying quantities. It infers not only a visual but also the mental act which the elements of one item are related to the counterparts of the other. A. Comparison B. Collation C. Identification D. Conclusion 55. a scientific conclusion results from relating observe facts by logical common sense reasoning in accordance with establish rules of laws. A. Comparison B. Collation C. Identification D. Conclusion 55. a scientific conclusion results from relating observe facts by logical common sense reasoning in accordance with establish rules of laws. A. Comparison B. Collation C. Identification D. Conclusion 56. The document examiners conclusions are so derived. It is common to refer his conclusions by the legal term ________ A. Expertise B. Opinion C. Testimony D. Amicus curae 56. The document examiners conclusions are so derived. It is common to refer his conclusions by the legal term ________ A. Expertise B. Opinion C. Testimony D. Amicus curae 57. the process of making out what is illegible or what has been effaced. It refers to the process of reaching or making out the material, which is illegible without actually developing or restoring the original writing on the documents, itself. A. Decipherment B. Encryptment C. Cipherment D. All of the above 57. the process of making out what is illegible or what has been effaced. It refers to the process of reaching or making out the material, which is illegible without actually developing or restoring the original writing on the documents, itself. A. Decipherment B. Encryptment C. Cipherment D. All of the above 58. is the lower portion of the letter of lower loop such as “g”, “j”, “Q”, “Y”, and “P”. A. Diacritic B. Descender C. Ascender D. Display 58. is the lower portion of the letter of lower loop such as “g”, “j”, “Q”, “Y”, and “P”. A. Diacritic B. Descender C. Ascender D. Display 59. describes a gently enlarged photographic court exhibit which is made to such size that it must be placed an easel the jury box. A. Display exhibit B. Bromide enlargements C. A and B D. Evidence document 59. describes a gently enlarged photographic court exhibit which is made to such size that it must be placed an easel the jury box. A. Display exhibit B. Bromide enlargements C. A and B D. Evidence document 60.Any written instrument by which a right or obligation is established. A. Certificate B. Subpoena C. Warrant D. Document 60.Any written instrument by which a right or obligation is established. A. Certificate B. Subpoena C. Warrant D. Document 61. it is one that contains addition or deletion. A. Altered Document B. Insertion of inteleanation C. Disputed document D. Question Document some changes either as 61. it is one that contains addition or deletion. A. Altered Document B. Insertion of inteleanation C. Disputed document D. Question Document some changes either as 62. the disconnected or non-continuous stroke between two letters. A. Ductus Broken B. Junction Broken C. A and B D. Broken line 62. the disconnected or non-continuous stroke between two letters. A. Ductus Broken B. Junction Broken C. A and B D. Broken line 63. any typewriting which is placed on the paper by the action of the typefaces striking through carbon paper. A. Ink Impression B. Letter impression C. Carbon impression D. All of the above 63. any typewriting which is placed on the paper by the action of the typefaces striking through carbon paper. A. Ink Impression B. Letter impression C. Carbon impression D. All of the above 64. is the parts of the letter ordinarily form by small circle that usually lies on the line of writing as bodies of “ a”, “o”, “ d”, “g”, “p” and “q’. A. Buckle knot B. Blunt C. Body D. Bowl 64. is the parts of the letter ordinarily form by small circle that usually lies on the line of writing as bodies of “ a”, “o”, “ d”, “g”, “p” and “q’. A. Buckle knot B. Blunt C. Body D. Bowl 65. the cylinder which serves as the backing for the paper and which absorbs the blow of the typeface. A. Plate B. Platen C. Flate D. Flaten 65. the cylinder which serves as the backing for the paper and which absorbs the blow of the typeface. A. Plate B. Platen C. Flate D. Flaten 66.A term used by some document examiners and attorneys to characterize known material. A. Basis B. Exemplar C. Xerox copies D. Reproduced 66.A term used by some document examiners and attorneys to characterize known material. A. Basis B. Exemplar C. Xerox copies D. Reproduced 67. the removal of writing, typewriting, or printing from the document, A. Erasure B. Obliteration C. Alteration D. All of the above 67. the removal of writing, typewriting, or printing from the document, A. Erasure B. Obliteration C. Alteration D. All of the above 68. A legal term used to described a witness who by reason of his special technical training and experience is permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue or certain aspect of the issue, that is involved in a lawsuit. A. Medical Jurist B. Expert Witness C. Question document examiner D. All of the above 68. A legal term used to described a witness who by reason of his special technical training and experience is permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue or certain aspect of the issue, that is involved in a lawsuit. A. Medical Jurist B. Expert Witness C. Question document examiner D. All of the above 69.The of makingof out making what is illegible what has 69.Theprocess process out or what is been effaced. illegible or what has been effaced. A. Comparison A.Comparison B. Collation C. Obliteration B.Collation D. Decipherment C.Obliteration D.Decipherment 69.The process of making out what is illegible or what has been effaced. A. Comparison B. Collation C. Obliteration D. Decipherment 70.In document examination, what is the relation of parts of the whole of writing or line of individual letters in words to the baseline? A. Proportion B. Alignment C. Lining D. Letter forms 70.In document examination, what is the relation of parts of the whole of writing or line of individual letters in words to the baseline? A. Proportion B. Alignment C. Lining D. Letter forms 71. a writing wherein the most part specifically the upper and lower strokes forms an angle or wedge. A. Side style of writing B. Downward style of writing C. Angular style of writing D. Up style of writing 71. a writing wherein the most part specifically the upper and lower strokes forms an angle or wedge. A. Side style of writing B. Downward style of writing C. Angular style of writing D. Up style of writing 72. the two divisions or points which form the writing portion of the pen. A. Hiatus B. Pen ductus C. Pen lift D. Pen nibs 72. the two divisions or points which form the writing portion of the pen. A. Hiatus B. Pen ductus C. Pen lift D. Pen nibs 73. the continuous line that join two letters. A. Ductus ink B. Junction ink C. A and B D. Continuous line 73. the continuous line that join two letters. A. Ductus ink B. Junction ink C. A and B D. Continuous line 74. any abnormality or maladjustments in a typewriter which is reflected in its work and which led to its individualization and identification. A. Misalignment B. Defects C. Disputes D. Abnormal writing 74. any abnormality or maladjustments in a typewriter which is reflected in its work and which led to its individualization and identification. A. Misalignment B. Defects C. Disputes D. Abnormal writing 75. may be regarded as a special form of penlift distinguishable in that a perceptible gap appear in writing, through sometimes hiatus are caused by failure of ink to register on a paper due to speed of writing movement. A. Hesitation B. Hiatus C. Hitch D. All of the above 75. may be regarded as a special form of penlift distinguishable in that a perceptible gap appear in writing, through sometimes hiatus are caused by failure of ink to register on a paper due to speed of writing movement. A. Hesitation B. Hiatus C. Hitch D. All of the above 76. the blotting out or smearing over of writing to make the original invisible or undecipherable. A. Shearing B. Alteration C. Obliteration D. All of the above 76. the blotting out or smearing over of writing to make the original invisible or undecipherable. A. Shearing B. Alteration C. Obliteration D. All of the above 77.It is the crime of making, circulating or uttering false coins and banknotes. Literally, it means to make a copy of; or imitate; to make a spurious semblance of, as money or stamps, with the intent to deceive or defraud. A. Counterfeiting B. Falsification C. Forgery D. Fake money bills 77.It is the crime of making, circulating or uttering false coins and banknotes. Literally, it means to make a copy of; or imitate; to make a spurious semblance of, as money or stamps, with the intent to deceive or defraud. A. Counterfeiting B. Falsification C. Forgery D. Fake money bills 78. any document completely prepared, written and designed by the person himself without the assistant of a lawyer. A. Private document B. Holographic document C. Prepared document D. Written document 78. any document completely prepared, written and designed by the person himself without the assistant of a lawyer. A. Private document B. Holographic document C. Prepared document D. Written document 79. a minute and involuntary talon like formation often found at the commencement of an initial upstrokes on at the end of terminal strokes. A. Buckle knot B. Beard C. Hitch D. Hook 79. a minute and involuntary talon like formation often found at the commencement of an initial upstrokes on at the end of terminal strokes. A. Buckle knot B. Beard C. Hitch D. Hook 80. an alignment defect in which the character prints to the right or left of its proper position. A. Vertical Malalignment B. Horizontal Malalignment C. Side Malalignment D. All of the above 80. an alignment defect in which the character prints to the right or left of its proper position. A. Vertical Malalignment B. Horizontal Malalignment C. Side Malalignment D. All of the above 81. is a rounded outer side of the top of the bend, crook to, curve in small letter such as “h”, “m”, and “n”. A. Hitch B. Hook C. Hump D. Buckle knot 81. is a rounded outer side of the top of the bend, crook to, curve in small letter such as “h”, “m”, and “n”. A. Hitch B. Hook C. Hump D. Buckle knot 82. characteristics highly individualize or perculiar to an individual writer or characteristics which are highly personalize and unlikely to occur in other instances. A. Class characteristics B. Individual characteristics C. Identity characteristics D. All of the above 82. characteristics highly individualize or perculiar to an individual writer or characteristics which are highly personalize and unlikely to occur in other instances. A. Class characteristics B. Individual characteristics C. Identity characteristics D. All of the above 83. is the bend, crook or curved on inner side of a loop such as letter “ b”, “n” and “ p”. It is any arcaded in the body of letters “ c’. “ a’ and “ o’. A. Beard B. Knot C. Arc D. All of the above 83. is the bend, crook or curved on inner side of a loop such as letter “ b”, “n” and “ p”. It is any arcaded in the body of letters “ c’. “ a’ and “ o’. A. Beard B. Knot C. Arc D. All of the above 84. a stroke connecting two letters. A. Buckle B. Ligature C. Majuscule D. Ead 84. a stroke connecting two letters. A. Buckle B. Ligature C. Majuscule D. Ead 85. it is the condition of the pen itself. Good lines quality is characterized by smoothness or writing, regularity of curves and shaded. A. Pen Quality B. Ink Quality C. Line Quality D. All of the above 85. it is the condition of the pen itself. Good lines quality is characterized by smoothness or writing, regularity of curves and shaded. A. Pen Quality B. Ink Quality C. Line Quality D. All of the above 86. a capital letter. A. Majuscule B. CAPITAL C. CAPSLOCK D. Minuscule 86. a capital letter. A. Majuscule B. CAPITAL C. CAPSLOCK D. Minuscule 87.It is the result of a very complicated series of facts, being used as whole, combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long, continued painstaking effort. Some defined it as “visible speech.” A. Typewriting B. Money Bills C. Handwriting D. All of these 87.It is the result of a very complicated series of facts, being used as whole, combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long, continued painstaking effort. Some defined it as “visible speech.” A. Typewriting B. Money Bills C. Handwriting D. All of these 88. a small letter. A. Miniletter B. Minutae C. Minuscule D. Opuscule 88. a small letter. A. Miniletter B. Minutae C. Minuscule D. Opuscule 89. a signature which has been used in imitation or traced forgery. A. Sample signature B. Exemplar Signature C. Model Signature D. All of the above 89. a signature which has been used in imitation or traced forgery. A. Sample signature B. Exemplar Signature C. Model Signature D. All of the above 90. it is the most important elements of handwriting. A. Pen B. Ink C. Hand D. Movement 90. it is the most important elements of handwriting. A. Pen B. Ink C. Hand D. Movement 91. is a result of a very complicated series of act, being as a whole, a combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habit acquired by long continued painstaking effort. A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit 91. is a result of a very complicated series of act, being as a whole, a combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habit acquired by long continued painstaking effort. A. Hand Writing B. Hand Exhibit C. Habit Lettering D. Habit 92. this are normal and natural deviation found between repeated specimen of an individual handwriting. A. Natural Variation B. Deviant Variation C. Individual Variation D. Repeated Variation 92. this are normal and natural deviation found between repeated specimen of an individual handwriting. A. Natural Variation B. Deviant Variation C. Individual Variation D. Repeated Variation 93. an instrument in a stroke caused by removing the writing instrument from the paper. A. Hiatus B. Pen ductus C. Pen lift D. Pen nibs 93. an instrument in a stroke caused by removing the writing instrument from the paper. A. Hiatus B. Pen ductus C. Pen lift D. Pen nibs 94. an examination with the illumination so controlled that it gaze or strikes the surface of the document from one side at a very low angle. A. Oblique Lighting examination B. Side lighting examination C. A and B D. None of the above 94. an examination with the illumination so controlled that it gaze or strikes the surface of the document from one side at a very low angle. A. Oblique Lighting examination B. Side lighting examination C. A and B D. None of the above 95. the application of chemicals on the paper to determine its component whether or not it come from the same source. A. Chemical analysis B. Source analysis C. Paper analysis D. Component analysis 95. the application of chemicals on the paper to determine its component whether or not it come from the same source. A. Chemical analysis B. Source analysis C. Paper analysis D. Component analysis 96. is the quantitative description of the hardness or softness of a pencil, that is how a dark stroke is capable of making. A. Pencil number B. Pencil quality C. Pencil grade D. All of the above 96. is the quantitative description of the hardness or softness of a pencil, that is how a dark stroke is capable of making. A. Pencil number B. Pencil quality C. Pencil grade D. All of the above 97.There is freehand invitation and is considered as the most skilful class of forgery A. simulated or copied forgery B. simple forgery C. traced forgery D. carbon tracing 97.There is freehand invitation and is considered as the most skilful class of forgery A. simulated or copied forgery B. simple forgery C. traced forgery D. carbon tracing 98. is a defect in which the character prints a double impression with the lighter one slightly offset to the right or left. A. Rebound B. Rebutting C. Dual imprint D. Shading imprint 98. is a defect in which the character prints a double impression with the lighter one slightly offset to the right or left. A. Rebound B. Rebutting C. Dual imprint D. Shading imprint 99. the professional experience, education and ability of a document examiner combine to make-up his qualifications. A. Eligibility B. Qualification C. Integrity D. All of the above 99. the professional experience, education and ability of a document examiner combine to make-up his qualifications. A. Eligibility B. Qualification C. Integrity D. All of the above 100. Specimens of hand writing or of typescript which is of known origin. A. Letters B. Samples C. Exemplars D. Documents 100. Specimens of hand writing or of typescript which is of known origin. A. Letters B. Samples C. Exemplars D. Documents What is known as the blotting out or shearing over the writing to make the original invisible to as an addition?The blotting out or smearing over of writing or printing to make the original unreadable is called: erasure.
What is retracing in questioned document?Retracing - any stroke that goes back over another writing stroke.In natural handwriting there may be many instances in which the pen doubles back over the same course but some retracing in fraudulent signatures represents a reworking of a letter form or stroke.
Is the act of blotting or smearing over a writing or printing to make the original unreadable?Obliteration is the act of blotting or smearing over a writing or printing to make the original unreadable. photography. piece of paper that has been written on.
What is disguised writing?Disguised writing is any deliberate attempt to alter one's handwriting to prevent recognition. Anonymous letters, blackmail attempts, ransom notes, threats, and similar documents are created by writers who feel their altered handwriting cannot be attributed to them.
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What is the appropriate term for blotting out or shearing over a word or letter in a document to make the original handwriting invisible to the naked eye?
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