What is the theoretical maximum output of a system in a given period under ideal conditions?

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Highlights

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Two cycle models are established for triboelectric nanogenerators.

One for maximum output work is established to investigate maximum output efficiency.

Another for combined load is proposed to obtain higher output power.

Maximum output efficiencies of four basic modes in TENGs are derived.

Relationship between output efficiency and output power is analyzed.

Abstract

The maximum output work and the corresponding output efficiency in energy conversion devices are key criterions, which can provide the direction of performance optimization and the range of performance improvement. In this paper, one cycle model for maximum output work is established to investigate the maximum output efficiency, and another cycle model for combined load is proposed to obtain higher output power for triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). By calculating the minimum input work and the maximum output work, the maximum output efficiencies of four basic modes in TENGs are derived. With the assumption of ideal parallel-plate capacitor in TENG, the maximum output efficiencies of both contact-separation (CS) mode and lateral sliding mode (LS mode), which is only determined by the maximum separation distance and shape parameter of dielectric layer (equivalent thickness or length), are similar to Carnot efficiency in heat engines. A relationship between output efficiency and output power is analyzed, which shows that the output power presents a parabolic-like curve with varying output efficiency. There is an ideal output efficiency point, at which the output power obtains the maximum. To improve the output performance, the averaged output powers of the cycles for different single loads and combined loads are calculated and compared in four basic modes of TENGs. In the combined load model, large resistance can effectively enhance the voltage during moving forward and moving backward processes, and small resistance can improve the amount of transferred charge during static process. The result shows that the averaged output power of the combined load is higher than the averaged power at both a single load and optimal matching load. Therefore, the combined load effectively improves the energy utilization of TENGs.

Keywords

Triboelectric nanogenerator

Performance characteristics

Maximum performance

Output efficiency

Output power

Performance optimization

© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Utilization will always be lower than efficiency because: A) effective capacity is less than design capacity. … Assume that the design capacity of the system is 1900 students per semester and that effective capacity equals 90% of design capacity.

Can output be higher than effective capacity?

Effective capacity is less than the design capacity, because the system may have alternative product-mix strategies, or issues such of changes in design of the product, job requirements or work rules. … Actual output would usually be less than effective capacity, because of shortages, delays, or demand on the system.

Is the number of units a facility can hold store receive or produce in a period of time?

Capacity Capacity is the throughput or number of units a facility can hold, receive, store, or produce in a period of time. Design capacity is the theoretical maximum output of a system in a given period under ideal conditions.

How is break even analysis useful in the study of the capacity decision what limitations does this analytical tool have in this application?

What limitations does this analytical tool have in this application? Breakeven is defined as the volume for which costs equal revenue. It is useful to know the break-even point for each capacity alternative under consideration. In reality, costs may not be as linear as they are assumed to be in this model.

Which is the effective capacity?

Effective capacity is the maximum amount of work that an organization is capable of completing in a given period due to constraints such as quality problems, delays, material handling, etc. The phrase is also used in business computing and information technology as a synonym for capacity management.

What is utilization and efficiency?

Efficiency is usually expressed as a percentage of the actual output to the expected output. Capacity utilization, on the other hand, is a measure of how well an organization uses its productive capacity. It's the relationship between potential or theoretical maximum output and the actual production output.

What is the difference between efficiency and utilization quizlet?

Utilization is the ratio of actual output to effective capacity, while efficiency is the ratio of actual output to design capacity.

What is efficiency and utilization?

Efficiency is usually expressed as a percentage of the actual output to the expected output. Capacity utilization, on the other hand, is a measure of how well an organization uses its productive capacity. It's the relationship between potential or theoretical maximum output and the actual production output.