What refers to the degree to which a cultural group minimizes gender role differences and promotes gender equality?

1. Explain the focus of culture and leadership.
The discussion centers on research that describes culture, dimension and the effect of culture.
2. Explain the history of globalization and what challenges and needs have been created.
Since World War II, globalization has been advancing throughout the world. Globalization is the increased interdependence (economic, social, technical, and political) between nations. People are becoming more interconnected. There is more international trade, cultural exchange, and use of worldwide telecommunication systems.
3. Explain the five cross-cultural competencies for leaders.
First, leaders need to understand business, political, and cultural environments worldwide. Second, they need to learn the perspectives, tastes, trends, and technologies of many other cultures. Third, they need to be able to work simultaneously with people from many cultures. Fourth, leaders must be able to adapt to living and communicating in other cultures. Fifth, they need to learn to relate to people from other cultures from a position of equality rather than cultural superiority said that global leaders need to be skilled in creating transcultural visions.
4. Define culture and explain the terms related to culture.
Because it is an abstract term, it is hard to define, and different people often define it in dissimilar ways. For our purposes, culture is defined as the learned beliefs, values, rules, norms, symbols, and traditions that are common to a group of people. It is these shared qualities of a group that make them unique.
5. Describe House’s research on the relationship between culture and leadership.
The primary purpose of the project is to increase our understanding of cross-cultural interactions and the impact of culture on leadership effectiveness.
6. What is ethnocentrism?
As the word suggests, ethnocentrism is the tendency for individuals to place their own group (ethnic, racial, or cultural) at the center of their observations of others and the world. People tend to give priority and value to their own beliefs, attitudes, and values, over and above those of other groups.
7. What is prejudice?
Prejudice is a largely fixed attitude, belief, or emotion held by an individual about another individual or group that is based on faulty or unsubstantiated data. It refers to judgments about others based on previous decisions or experiences. Prejudice involves inflexible generalizations that are resistant to change or evidence to the contrary.

8. What is GLOBE and what are its nine cultural dimensions?
GLOBE stands for the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness. The GLOBE studies have generated a very large number of findings on the relationship between culture and leadership. GLOBE researchers identified nine cultural dimensions: uncertainty avoidance, power distance, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, gender egalitarianism, assertive- ness, future orientation, performance orientation, and humane orientation.
9. Review the clusters of world cultures using GLOBE research on cultural dimensions.
Uncertainty Avoidance refers to the extent to which a society, an organization, or a group relies on established social norms, rituals, and procedures to avoid uncertainty. Power Distance refers to the degree to which members of a group expect and agree that power should be shared unequally. Institutional Collectivism describes the degree to which an organization or a society encourages institutional or societal collective action. IN-group Collective refers to the degree to which people express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families. Gender Egalitarianism measures the degree to which an organization or a society minimizes gender role differences and promotes gender equality. Assertiveness refers to the degree to which people in a culture are deter- mined, assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in their social relationships. Future Orientation refers to the extent to which people engage in future-oriented behaviors such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying gratification. Performance Orientation describes the extent to which an organization or a society encourages and rewards group members for improved performance and excellence. Humane Orientation refers to the degree to which a culture encourages and rewards people for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others. These clusters provided a convenient way to analyze the similarities and differences between cultural groups (clusters), and to make meaningful generalizations about culture and leadership.
10. How did researchers test the validity of the culture clusters they developed?
Researchers did a statistical analysis of questionnaire data collected from individuals in each of the clusters.
11. What is implicit leadership theory? What contribution does it make to the study of leadership?
According to implicit leadership theory, individuals have implicit beliefs and convictions about the attributes and beliefs that distinguish leaders from nonleaders and effective. From the perspective of this theory, leadership is in the eye of the beholder
12. Review how leadership behavior varies within the different culture clusters.
Charismatic/value-based leadership reflects the ability to inspire, to motivate, and to expect high performance from others based on strongly held core values. This kind of leadership includes being visionary, inspirational, self-sacrificing, trustworthy, decisive, and performance oriented. Team-oriented leadership emphasizes team building and a common purpose among team members. This kind of leadership includes being collaborative, integrative, diplomatic, nonmalevolent, and administratively competent. Participative leadership reflects the degree to which leaders involve others in making and implementing decisions. It includes being participative and nonautocratic. Humane-oriented leadership emphasizes being supportive, considerate, compassionate, and generous. This type of leadership includes modesty and sensitivity to other people. Autonomous leadership refers to independent and individualistic leadership, which includes being autonomous and unique. Self-protective leadership reflects behaviors that ensure the safety and security of the leader and the group. It includes leadership that is self- centered, status conscious, conflict inducing, face saving, and procedural.
13. What are the strengths of this approach to culture?
First, the scope of this study is a major strength. Second, the findings from GLOBE are valuable because they emerge from a well-developed quantitative research design. Third, the GLOBE studies provide a classification of cultural dimensions that is more expansive than the commonly used Hofstede classification system. Fourth, the GLOBE studies provide useful information about what is universally accepted as good and bad leadership. Last, the study of culture and leadership underscores the complexity of the leadership process and how it is influenced by culture.
14. What are the criticisms of this approach to culture?
First, although the GLOBE research has resulted in a multitude of findings about perceptions of leadership in different cultures, this research does not provide a clear set of assumptions and propositions that can form a single theory about the way culture relates to leadership or influences the leadership process. A second criticism, more narrow in scope, concerns the way researchers have labeled and defined certain cultural dimensions and leadership behaviors. Another criticism concerns the way in which leadership was conceptualized in the GLOBE studies. Finally, the GLOBE studies provide a provocative list of universally endorsed desirable and undesirable leadership attributes.

Which of the following leadership profile describe degree to which the leader is self centered and uses a face saving approach quizlet?

What dimension of national culture measures the degree to which people believe that authority is not distributed equally?

Which cultural dimension refers to how much pride and loyalty individuals should have for their family or organization?

Which term in the Globe framework refers to the degree to which a society rewards individuals for being altruistic generous and kind to others?