What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience that is without learning having taken place quizlet?

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• Quickest & strongest conditioning type!
• Sometimes only takes 1 trial
• US (bacteria, virus, something that makes you sick) →UR (vomiting, nausea, all those wonderful sick symptoms)
• CS (flavors, especially uncommon ones)
• CR (nausea, avoidance)
• We wouldn't ever condition to the flavor of water, because we have thousands of experiences with it. However, if you were to try saffron chicken and get sick, saffron is a rare flavor, and is more susceptible to conditioning.

The theory has several problems. First, the CR is almost never an exact replica of the UR. For instance, it was already noted that whereas an eyeblink UR to an air puff is a large, rapid eyelid closure, the CR that develops is a smaller and more gradual eye-lid closure. That is, both the size and the temporal pattern of the CR differ from those of the UR. Second, not all parts of the UR to a stimulus become part of the CR. For example, Zener (1937) noted that when a dog is presented with food as
a US, many responses, such as chewing and swallowing the food, occur in addition to salivation. Yet, although a well-trained CS such as a bell will elicit salivation, it will generally not elicit the chewing and swallowing responses. Therefore, not all of the components of the UR are present
in the CR. Conversely, a CR may include some responses that are not part of the UR. For instance, using a bell as a CS, Zener found that many dogs would turn their heads and look at the bell when it was rung. Sometimes a dog would move its entire body closer to the ringing bell. Obviously, these behaviors were not a normal part of the dog's UR to food. Because of such results, it was clear that stimulus substitution theory had to be
modified if it were to remain a viable theory of classical conditioning.

Hilgard (1936) suggested two ways in which the theory might be amended. First, it should be acknowledged that only some components of the UR are transferred to the CR. Some components of the UR may depend on the physical characteristics of the US, and they will not be transferred to
a CS with very different physical characteristics. Thus, although a dog will chew and swallow food when it is presented, it cannot chew and swal-
low food that is not there (when the bell is rung). Second, it should be recognized that a CS such as a bell frequently elicits URs of its own, and these may become part of the CR. For instance, when
it first hears a bell, a dog may exhibit an orienting response: The dog may raise its ears, look in the direction of the bell, and possibly approach the bell. Although such orienting responses usually habituate if the bell is inconsequential, they persist or increase if the bell is paired with food. A different theory of classical conditioning, called the sign-tracking theory (Costa & Boakes, 2009; Hearst & Jenkins, 1974), emphasizes precisely this aspect of an animal's response to a CS

There is also convincing evidence that
the immune system can be influenced by classical conditioning. Ader and Cohen (1975) conducted a landmark study in this area. They gave rats a single conditioning trial in which the CS was saccharin-flavored water and the US was an injection of cyclophosphamide, a drug that suppresses the activity of the immune system. A few days later, the rats were injected with a
small quantity of foreign cells (red blood cells from sheep) that their immune systems would normally attack vigorously. One group of rats was then given saccharin-flavored water once again, whereas a control group received plain
water. Ader and Cohen found that for rats in the saccharin-water group, the response of the immune system was weaker than for rats in the plain-water group; that is, fewer antibodies were produced by rats in the saccharin-water group. In other words, it appeared that the saccharin, which normally has no effect on the immune system, now produced a CR, a weakening of the immune system. Later studies replicated
this effect and, by ruling out other possible
explanations, demonstrated that it is indeed due to classical conditioning ...

•2 Groups of rats
•Measuring conditioned suppression
•Both drank flavored water while listening to a tone (compound stimulus) - drinking measured
•1 group - given poison causing illness
•Other group - paws shocked while drinking
•Both groups given "probe" trials, where only audiovisual or only flavored water presented
•Audiovisual CS stronger with shock
•Taste CS stronger with flavor
-An audiovisual stimulus was made contingent upon the rat's licking at the water spout, thus making it analogous with a gustatory stimulus. When the audiovisual stimulus and the gustatory stimulus were paired with electric shock the avoidance reactions transferred to the audiovisual stimulus, but not the gustatory stimulus. Conversely, when both stimuli were paired with toxin or X-ray the avoidance reactions transferred to the gustatory stimulus, but not the audiovisual stimulus. Apparently stimuli are selected as cues dependent upon the nature of the subsequent reinforcer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)
-Two groups of rats were each presented with a compound stimulus consisting of both taste and audiovisual components. Each rat received water that had a distinctive flavor, and whenever the rat drank the water it was presented with flashing lights and a clicking noise. For one group, the procedure consisted of typical taste aversion learning: after drinking the water, a rat was injected with a poison, and became ill. The second group received shocks whever it drank. Both groups received pairings of both taste and audiovisual stimuli paired with an aversive event.
- for shock group bigger inhibition of drinking for when visual stimuli presented than for flavor
-for poison group bigger inhbition for taste bc of US (poison)
-overshadowing- depending on what the US is

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