1. Chesnut RM, Bleck TP, Citerio G, Classen J, Cooper DJ, Coplin WM, et al. A consensus-based interpretation of the benchmark evidence from South American trials: treatment of intracranial pressure trial. J Neurotrauma 2015;32:1722-4.  Show 2. Chesnut RM, Temkin N, Carney N, Dikmen S, Rondina C, Videtta W, et al. A trial of intracranial-pressure monitoring in traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2471-81. 3. Hutchinson PJ, Kolias AG, Timofeev IS, Corteen EA, Czosnyka M, Timothy J, et al. Trial of decompressive craniectomy for traumatic intracranial hypertension. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1119-30. 4. Cooper DJ, Rosenfeld JV, Murray L, Arabi YM, Davies AR, D'Urso P, et al. Decompressive craniectomy in diffuse traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1493-502. 5. Andrews PJ, Sinclair HL, Rodriguez A, Harris BA, Battison CG, Rhodes JK, et al. hypothermia for intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2403-12. 6. Choi HA, Bajgur SS, Chang TR. The Role of Intracranial Multimodality Monitoring Strategies. In: Konig M, editors. Cerebral Herniation Syndromes and INtracrnail Hypertension (Updates in Neurocritical Care). 1st ed. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press; 2015. p. 191. 7. Choi HA, Bajgur SS, Chang TR. The Role of Intracranial Pressure in Multimodality Monitoring Strategies. In: Konig M, editors. Cerebral Herniation Syndromes and Intracranial Hypertension (Updates in Neurocritical Care). 1st ed. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press; 2015. p. 189-218. 8. Perez-Barcena J, Llompart-Pou JA, O’Phelan KH. Intracranial pressure monitoring and management of intracranial hypertension. Crit Care Clin 2014;30:735-50. 9. Smith M. Monitoring
intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury. Anesth Analg 2008;106:240-8. 10. Sahuquillo J, Poca MA, Arribas M, Garnacho A, Rubio E. Interhemispheric supratentorial
intracranial pressure gradients in head-injured patients: are they clinically important? J Neurosurg 1999;90:16-26. 11. Mindermann T, Gratzl O. Interhemispheric pressure gradients in
severe head trauma in humans. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1998;71:56-8. 12. Moyse E, Ros M, Marhar F, Swider P, Schmidt EA. Characterisation of supra- and infratentorial ICP profiles. Acta
Neurochir Suppl 2016;122:37-40. 13. Brain Trauma Foundation; American Association of Neurological Surgeons; Congress of Neurological Surgeons; Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care, AANS/CNS, Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. VIII. Intracranial pressure thresholds.J Neurotrauma 2007;24(Suppl 1):S55-8. 14. Carney N, Totten AM, OʼReilly C, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition. Neurosurgery 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. 15. Marshall LF, Barba D, Toole BM, Bowers SA. The oval pupil: clinical significance and relationship to intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg 1983;58:566-8. 16. Andrews BT, Chiles BW 3rd, Olsen WL, Pitts LH. The effect of intracerebral hematoma location on the risk of brainstem compression and on clinical outcome. J Neurosurg 1988;69:518-22. 17. Doyle DJ, Mark PW. Analysis of intracranial pressure. J Clin Monit 1992;8:81-90. 18. Fan JY, Kirkness C, Vicini P, Burr R, Mitchell P. An approach to determining intracranial pressure variability capable of predicting decreased intracranial adaptive capacity in patients with traumatic brain injury. Biol Res Nurs 2010;11:317-24. 19. Eide PK, Bakken A. The baseline
pressure of intracranial pressure (ICP) sensors can be altered by electrostatic discharges. Biomed Eng Online 2011;10:75. 20. Gega A, Utsumi S, Iida Y, Iida N, Tsuncda S. Analysis of the wave pattern of CSF pulse wave. Intracranial pressure IV. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1980. p. 188-90. 21. Cardoso ER, Rowan JO, Galbraith S. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid pulse wave in
intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg 1983;59:817-21. 22. Lundberg N, Troupp H, Lorin H. Continuous recording of the ventricular-fluid pressure in patients with severe acute traumatic brain
injury. A preliminary report. J Neurosurg 1965;22:581-90. 23. Lundberg N. Continuous recording and control of ventricular fluid pressure in neurosurgical practice. Acta Psychiatr Scand
Suppl 1960;36:1-193. 24. Spiegelberg A, Preuß M, Kurtcuoglu V. B-waves revisited. Interdiscip Neurosurg 2016;6:13-7. 25. Paulson OB, Strandgaard S, Edvinsson L.
Cerebral autoregulation. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 1990;2:161-92. 26. Steiner LA, Czosnyka M, Piechnik SK, Smielewski P, Chatfield D, Menon DK, et al. Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular pressure reactivity allows determination of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 2002;30:733-8. 27. Czosnyka M, Smielewski P, Kirkpatrick P, Piechnik S, Laing R, Pickard JD. Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular pressure-reactivity in head injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1998;71:74-7. 28. Sánchez-Porras R, Santos E, Czosnyka M, Zheng Z, Unterberg AW, Sakowitz OW. “Long” pressure reactivity index (L-PRx) as a measure of autoregulation correlates with outcome in traumatic
brain injury patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012;154:1575-81. 29. Lang EW, Kasprowicz M, Smielewski P, Santos E, Pickard J, Czosnyka M. Short pressure reactivity index versus long
pressure reactivity index in the management of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2015;122:588-94. 30. Czosnyka M, Guazzo E, Whitehouse M, Smielewski P, Czosnyka Z, Kirkpatrick P, et al.
Significance of intracranial pressure waveform analysis after head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1996 138:531-41. discussion 541-2. 31. Eide PK, Sorteberg A, Meling TR, Sorteberg W. The effect of
baseline pressure errors on an intracranial pressure-derived index: results of a prospective observational study. Biomed Eng Online 2014;13:99. 32. Kawoos U, McCarron RM, Auker CR, Chavko M. Advances in intracranial pressure monitoring and its significance in managing traumatic brain injury. Int J Mol Sci 2015;16:28979-97. 33. Brain Trauma Foundation, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. VIII.
Intracranial pressure thresholds. J Neurotrauma 2007;24(Suppl 1):S55-8. 34. Zhong J, Dujovny M, Park HK, Perez E, Perlin AR, Diaz FG. Advances in ICP monitoring techniques. Neurol Res 2003;25:339-50. 35. Raboel PH, Bartek J Jr, Andresen M, Bellander BM, Romner B. Intracranial pressure monitoring: invasive versus non-invasive methods-a review. Crit Care Res Pract 2012;2012:950393. 36. Mayhall CG, Archer NH, Lamb VA, Spadora AC,
Baggett JW, Ward JD, et al. Ventriculostomy-Related Infections. N Engl J Med 1984;310:553-9. 37. Lozier AP, Sciacca RR, Romagnoli MF, Connolly ES Jr. Ventriculostomy-related infections: a
critical review of the literature. Neurosurgery 2002 51:170-81. discussion 181-2. 38. Zabramski JM, Whiting D, Darouiche RO, Horner TG, Olson J, Robertson C, et al. Efficacy of
antimicrobial-impregnated external ventricular drain catheters: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Neurosurg 2003;98:725-30. 39. Binz DD, Toussaint LG 3rd, Friedman JA.
Hemorrhagic Complications of Ventriculostomy Placement: A Meta-Analysis. Neurocrit Care 2009;10:253-6. 40. Martínez-Mañas RM, Santamarta D, de Campos JM, Ferrer E. Camino intracranial
pressure monitor: prospective study of accuracy and complications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;69:82-6. 41. Lescot T, Reina V, Le Manach Y, Boroli F, Chauvet D, Boch AL, et al. In vivo accuracy of two intraparenchymal intracranial pressure monitors. Intensive Care Med 2011;37:875-9. 42. Koskinen LO, Olivecrona M. Clinical experience with the intraparenchymal intracranial pressure monitoring Codman MicroSensor system. Neurosurgery 2005 56:693-8. discussion 693-8. 43. Welschehold S, Schmalhausen E, Dodier P, Vulcu S, Oertel J, Wagner W, et al. First clinical results with a new telemetric intracranial pressure-monitoring system. Neurosurgery
2012 70(1 Suppl Operative):44-9. discussion 49. 44. Lilja A, Andresen M, Hadi A, Christoffersen D, Juhler M. Clinical experience with telemetric intracranial pressure monitoring in a
Danish neurosurgical center. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014;120:36-40. 45. Antes S, Tschan CA, Kunze G, Ewert L, Zimmer A, Halfmann A, et al. Clinical and radiological findings in
long-term intracranial pressure monitoring. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2014 156:1009-19. discussion 1019. 46. Freimann FB, Schulz M, Haberl H, Thomale UW. Feasibility of telemetric ICP-guided
valve adjustments for complex shunt therapy. Childs Nerv Syst 2014;30:689-97. 47. Antes S, Tschan CA, Oertel JM. An operative technique combining endoscopic third ventriculostomy and
long-term ICP monitoring. Childs Nerv Syst 2014;30:331-5. 48. Miyake H, Ohta T, Kajimoto Y, Matsukawa M. A new ventriculoperitoneal shunt with a telemetric intracranial pressure sensor:
clinical experience in 94 patients with hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 1997;40:931-5. 49. Marchbanks RJ, Reid A, Martin AM, Brightwell AP, Bateman D. The effect of raised intracranial
pressure on intracochlear fluid pressure: three case studies. Br J Audiol 1987;21:127-30. 50. Reid A, Marchbanks RJ, Burge DM, Martin AM, Bateman DE, Pickard JD, et al. The relationship
between intracranial pressure and tympanic membrane displacement. Br J Audiol 1990;24:123-9. 51. Shimbles S, Dodd C, Banister K, Mendelow AD, Chambers IR. Clinical comparison of tympanic
membrane displacement with invasive intracranial pressure measurements. Physiol Meas 2005;26:1085-92. 52. Shimbles S, Dodd C, Banister K, Mendelow AD, Chambers IR. Clinical comparison of
tympanic membrane displacement with invasive ICP measurements. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2005;95:197-9. 53. Hansen HC, Helmke K. Validation of the optic nerve sheath response to changing
cerebrospinal fluid pressure: ultrasound findings during intrathecal infusion tests. J Neurosurg 1997;87:34-40. 54. Shofty B, Ben-Sira L, Constantini S, Freedman S, Kesler A. Optic nerve
sheath diameter on MR imaging: establishment of norms and comparison of pediatric patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension with healthy controls. Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:366-9. 55.
Ohle R, McIsaac SM, Woo MY, Perry JJ. Sonography of the optic nerve sheath diameter for detection of raised intracranial pressure compared to computed tomography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ultrasound Med 2015;34:1285-94. 56. Tayal VS, Neulander M, Norton HJ, Foster T, Saunders T, Blaivas M. Emergency department sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter to detect findings of increased intracranial pressure in adult head injury patients. Ann Emerg Med 2007;49:508-14. 57. Geeraerts T, Launey Y, Martin L, Pottecher J, Vigué B, Duranteau J, et al. Ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath may be useful for detecting raised intracranial pressure after
severe brain injury. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:1704-11. 58. Bekerman I, Kimiagar I, Sigal T, Vaiman M. Monitoring of intracranial pressure by CT-defined optic nerve sheath diameter. J
Neuroimaging 2016;26:309-14. 59. Lashutka MK, Chandra A, Murray HN, Phillips GS, Hiestand BC. The relationship of intraocular pressure to intracranial pressure. Ann Emerg Med 2004;43:585-91. 60. Nabeta HW, Bahr NC, Rhein J, Fossland N, Kiragga AN, Meya DB, et al. Accuracy of noninvasive intraocular pressure or optic nerve sheath diameter measurements for predicting
elevated intracranial pressure in cryptococcal meningitis. Open forum Infect Dis 2014;1:ofu093. 61. Czarnik T, Gawda R, Latka D, Kolodziej W, Sznajd-Weron K, Weron R. Noninvasive measurement of intracranial pressure: is it possible? J Trauma 2007;62:207-11. 62. Kirk T, Jones K, Miller S, Corbett J. Measurement of intraocular and intracranial pressure: is there a relationship? Ann Neurol 2011;70:323-6. 63. Cardim D, Robba C, Bohdanowicz M, Donnelly J, Liu X, et al. Non-invasive monitoring of intracranial pressure using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: Is It possible? Neurocritical Care 2016;1-19. 64. Wakerley B, Yohana K, Luen Teoh H, Tan
CW, Chan BP, Sharma VK. Non-invasive intracranial pressure monitoring with transcranial Doppler in a patient with progressive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. J Neuroimaging 2014;24:302-4. 65. Maeda H, Matsumoto M, Handa N, Hougaku H, Ogawa S, Itoh T, et al. Reactivity of cerebral blood flow to carbon dioxide in various types of ischemic cerebrovascular disease: evaluation by the transcranial Doppler method. Stroke 1993;24:670-5. 66. Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH, Spencer MP, Caplan LR, Feldmann E, et al. Assessment: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2004;62:1468-81. 67. Becker G, Bogdahn U, Strassburg HM, Lindner A, Hassel W, Meixensberger J, et al. Identification of ventricular enlargement and estimation of intracranial pressure by transcranial color-coded
real-time sonography. J Neuroimaging 1994;4:17-22. 68. Bolesch S, von Wegner F, Senft C, Lorenz MW. Transcranial ultrasound to detect elevated intracranial pressure: Comparison of septum
pellucidum undulations and optic nerve sheath diameter. Ultrasound Med Biol 2015;41:1233-40. 69. Ueno T, Macias BR, Hargens AR, Yost WT. Pulsed phase lock loop technique to
measure intracranial pressure noninvasively. IEEE Symp Ultrason 2003 2003;2:1215-8. 70. Ueno T, Macias BR, Yost WT, Hargens AR. Noninvasive assessment of intracranial pressure waveforms by using pulsed phase lock loop technology. Technical note. J Neurosurg 2005;103:361-7. 71. Currie S, Saleem N, Straiton JA, Macmullen-Price J, Warren DJ, Craven IJ. Imaging assessment of traumatic brain injury. Postgrad Med J 2016;92:41-50. 72. Fink KR, Benjert JL, Straiton JA. Imaging of nontraumatic neuroradiology emergencies. Radiol Clin North Am 2015 53:871-90. x. 73. Ivanidze J, Kallas ON, Gupta A, Weidman E, Baradaran H, Mir D, et al. Application of blood-brain barrier permeability imaging in global cerebral edema. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016;37:1599-603. 74. Choi HA, Bajgur SS, Jones WH, Savarraj JP, Ko
SB, Edwards NJ, et al. Quantification of Cerebral Edema After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2016;25:64-70. 75. Vajkoczy P, Roth H, Horn P, Lucke T, Thomé C, Hubner U, et al.
Continuous monitoring of regional cerebral blood flow: experimental and clinical validation of a novel thermal diffusion microprobe. J Neurosurg 2000;93:265-74. 76. Jaeger M, Soehle M,
Schuhmann MU, Winkler D, Meixensberger J. Correlation of continuously monitored regional cerebral blood flow and brain tissue oxygen. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2005 147:51-6. discussion 56. 77.
Rosenthal G, Sanchez-Mejia RO, Phan N, Hemphill JC 3rd, Martin C, Manley GT. Incorporating a parenchymal thermal diffusion cerebral blood flow probe in bedside assessment of cerebral autoregulation and vasoreactivity in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2011;114:62-70. 78. Ko SB, Choi HA, Parikh G, Schmidt JM, Lee K, Badjatia N, et al. Real time estimation of brain water content in comatose patients. Ann Neurol 2012;72:344-50. 79. van de Velde L, d'Angremont E, Olthuis W. Solid contact potassium selective electrodes for biomedical applications - a review. Talanta 2016;160:56-65. 80. Odijk M, van der Wouden EJ, Olthuis W, Ferrari MD, Tolner EA, van den Maagdenberg AM. Microfabricated solid-state ion-selective electrode probe for measuring potassium in the living
rodent brain: Compatibility with DC-EEG recordings to study spreading depression. Sensors Actuators B Chem 2015;207:945-53. 81. Filippidis AS, Liang X, Wang W, Parveen S, Baumgarten CM, Marmarou CR. Real-time monitoring of changes in brain extracellular sodium and potassium concentrations and intracranial pressure after selective
vasopressin-1a receptor inhibition following focal traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 2014;31:1258-67. 82. Vexler ZS, Roberts TP, Kucharczyk J, Arieff AI. Severe brain edema associated with cumulative effects of hyponatremic encephalopathy and ischemic hypoxia. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1994;60:246-9. 83. Demirci M, Ayata C, Dalkara T, Erdemli G, Onur R. Monitoring cellular edema at single-neuron level by electrical resistance measurements. J Neurosci Methods 1997;72:175-81. 84. Liu LX, Dong WW, Wang J, Wu Q, He W, Jia YJ. The role of noninvasive monitoring of cerebral electrical impedance in stroke. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2005;95:137-40. 85. He LY, Wang J, Luo Y, Dong WW, Liu LX. Application of non-invasive cerebral electrical impedance measurement on brain edema in patients with cerebral infarction. Neurol Res 2010;32:770-4. 86. Liu L, Dong W, Ji X, Chen L, Chen L, He W, et al. A new method of noninvasive brain-edema monitoring in stroke: cerebral electrical impedance measurement. Neurol Res 2006;28:31-7. 87. Lou JH, Wang J, Liu LX, He LY, Yang H, Dong WW. Measurement of brain edema by noninvasive cerebral electrical impedance in patients with massive hemispheric cerebral infarction. Eur Neurol
2012;68:350-7. 88. Ghosh A, Elwell C, Smith M. Review article: cerebral nearinfrared spectroscopy in adults: a work in progress. Anesth Analg 2012;115:1373-83. 89. Taillefer MC, Denault AY. Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy in adult heart surgery: systematic review of its clinical efficacy. Can J Anaesth 2005;52:79-87. 90. Madsen PL, Secher NH. Near-infrared oximetry of the brain. Prog Neurobiol 1999;58:541-60. 91. Thiagarajah JR, Papadopoulos MC, Verkman AS. Noninvasive early detection of brain edema in mice by near-infrared light scattering. J Neurosci Res 2005;80:293-9. 92. DiPasquale DM, Muza SR, Gunn AM, Li Z, Zhang Q, Harris NS, et al. Evidence for cerebral edema, cerebral perfusion, and intracranial pressure elevations in acute mountain sickness. Brain Behav 2016;6:e00437. 93. Lo AC, Chen AY, Hung VK, Yaw LP, Fung MK, Ho
MC, et al. Endothelin-1 overexpression leads to further water accumulation and brain edema after middle cerebral artery occlusion via aquaporin 4 expression in astrocytic end-feet. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005;25:998-1011. 94. Dawson DA, Sugano H, McCarron RM, Hallenbeck JM, Spatz M. Endothelin receptor antagonist preserves microvascular perfusion and reduces ischemic brain damage following permanent focal ischemia. Neurochem Res 1999;24:1499-505. 95. Barone FC, Ohlstein EH, Hunter AJ, Campbell CA, Hadingham SH, Parsons AA, et al. Selective antagonism of endothelinA-receptors improves outcome in both head trauma and focal stroke in rat. J
Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000;36(5 Suppl 1):S357-61. 96. Wang LK, Hong Z, Wu GF, Li C. Perihematomal endothelin-1 level is associated with an increase in blood-brain barrier
permeability in a rabbit model of intracerebral hematoma. Chin Med J (Engl) 2013;126:3433-8. 97. Sirén AL, Knerlich F, Schilling L, Kamrowski-Kruck H, Hahn A, Ehrenreich H. Differential glial and vascular expression of endothelins and their receptors in rat brain after neurotrauma. Neurochem Res 2000;25:957-69. 98. Moldes O, Sobrino T, Millán M, Castellanos M, Pérez de la Ossa N, Leira R, et al. High serum levels of endothelin-1 predict severe cerebral edema in patients with acute ischemic stroke
treated with t-PA. Stroke 2008;39:2006-10. 99. Sato M, Noble LJ. Involvement of the endothelin receptor subtype A in neuronal pathogenesis after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 1998;809:39-49. 100. Juvela S. Plasma endothelin concentrations after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2000;92:390-400. 101. Seifert V, Löffler BM, Zimmermann M, Roux S, Stolke D. Endothelin concentrations in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Correlation with cerebral vaso spasm, delayed
ischemic neurological deficits, and volume of hematoma. J Neurosurg 1995;82:55-62. 102. Suzuki K, Meguro K, Sakurai T, Saitoh Y, Takeuchi S, Nose T. Endothelin-1 concentration increases in
the cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral vasospasm caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage. Surg Neurol 2000;53:131-5. 103. Romanic AM, Madri JA. Extracellular matrix-degrading proteinases in the
nervous system. Brain Pathol 1994;4:145-56. 104. Clark AW, Krekoski CA, Bou SS, Chapman KR, Edwards DR. Increased gelatinase A (MMP-2) and gelatinase B (MMP-9) activities in human
brain after focal ischemia. Neurosci Lett 1997;238:53-6. 105. Montaner J, Alvarez-Sabín J, Molina C, Anglés A, Abilleira S, Arenillas J, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase expression after
human cardioembolic stroke: temporal profile and relation to neurological impairment. Stroke 2001;32:1759-66. 106. Castellanos M, Leira R, Serena J, Pumar JM, Lizasoain I, Castillo J, et
al. Plasma metalloproteinase-9 concentration predicts hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2003;34:40-6. 107. Serena J, Blanco M, Castellanos M, Silva Y, Vivancos J, Moro MA, et al. The prediction of malignant cerebral infarction by molecular brain barrier disruption markers. Stroke 2005;36:1921-6. Which components can change to adapt to small increases in intracranial pressure?Intra- cranial blood (especially in the venous compartment) and CSF are the two components whose vol- ume can adapt most easily to accommodate an increase in the volume of intracranial contents.
What are the 3 components that impact intracranial pressure?Causes of ICP: Too much cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid around your brain and spinal cord) Bleeding into the brain. Swelling in the brain.
How does the body try to compensate for increased intracranial pressure?Because there's limited space for expansion in the skull, an increase in any of the components causes a change in ICP. Compensation typically occurs by displacing or shifting CSF, increasing the absorption of CSF, or decreasing cerebral blood flow. Without these changes, ICP will rise.
What structures are involved in increased intracranial tension?Since the skull is considered an unchangeable volume, any increase in the volume of components within the skull or an addition of a pathologic element will result in increased pressure within the skull. Pathologic structures that can cause increased ICP may include mass lesions, abscesses, and hematomas.
|
Which components are able to change to adapt to small increases in intracranial pressure
zusammenhängende Posts
Urheberrechte © © 2024 paraquee Inc.
