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Geiger Terms in this set (43)Quasi Experimental Design experiment design that violates the ability to determine cause and effect because they have fewer than two groups and if you have two groups, they are not equivalent What are the two main categories of quasi-experimental designs? 1. those without a control group One-group posttest-only design a quasi-experimental design that has no control group and no pretest comparison; a very poor design in terms of internal validity due to the inability to discern whether your 'independent variable' affected the results one-group pretest-posttest design a dependent variable is measured once before and once after a treatment occurs What determination can be made with one-group pretest-posttest design? Limitation? determines how people were doing with regard to the dependent variable before the treatment was provided and establish whether they have shown any change from pretest to posttest; limitation is the uncertainty what was responsible for the change (Cause and Effect indiscernible) simple interrupted time-series design a dependent variable is repeatedly measured at periodic intervals before and after a treatment; determines fluctuation in responses nonequivalent control group posttest design only a quasi-experimental design that includes a control group but that control group is not equivalent to the experimental group (no random assignment); the dependent variable is assessed only once after the treatment nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design a quasi-experimental design that includes a control group and the dependent variable is assessed twice, both before and after the treatment What is the advantage of adding a pretest to the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design? gives us the advantage of knowing how the groups perform before any treatment is provided interrupted time series design a time series design where the "treatment" is an independent event, such as a historical event where a series of pre and posttest scores are obtained for an experimental and nonequivalent control group individual difference manipulation A characteristic of the participant determines the level of the Independent Variable at which they are tested what are the two general ways to use individual difference manipulation? longitudinal design and cross-sectional design longitudinal design research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time, sometimes years or decades longitudinal design disadvantages slow, expensive longitudinal design advantages -allows direct measurement of change cohort effect effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time cross-sectional design A research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time; examines age differences cross-sectional design disadvantages 1. people who are of different ages can also be of different generations (cohorts) and thus differ in their attitudes and experiences cross-sectional design advantages 1. Efficient threats to internal validity History selection threat a threat to internal validity that can occur when nonrandom procedures are used to assign subjects to conditions or when random assignment fails to balance out differences among subjects across the different conditions of the experiment Maturation (threat to internal validity) effects related to the passage of time, such as aging, development, physical, and psychological; potentially a threat to internal validity any time you are conducting a study of relatively long duration History (threat to internal validity) occurs when a study that includes a pretest and at least one posttest, other events outside your intended manipulation(s) occur between tests that can affect your results instrumentation effect a threat to internal validity in which changes in the dependent variable may be due to changes in the measuring device Regression toward the mean threat occurs if you are using a design that includes multiple observations and the measures for your initial observations are extremely high or low; when performance on an earlier test is extreme, the next time the test is taken, the score is likely to be less extreme and therefore closer to the mean attrition threat in a repeated-measures experiment or quasi-experiment, a threat to internal validity that occurs when a systematic type of participant drops out of a study before it ends; also known as mortality self-selection a form of sampling bias that occurs when a sample contains only people who volunteer to participate; they determine their own group Why is it important to eliminate threats in an experiment? to increase internal validity; although, it will not be likely to establish cause and effect A cross-sectional design uses different participants in each age group True A quasi-experiment differs from a true experiment because the researcher selects instead of manipulates the levels of the independent variable If you compared the problem solving ability of a group of six-year olds to their own performance when they were eight-years old, you would be conducting what type of design? Longitudinal When you can confidently state that your independent variable cause the difference observed in your dependent variable, your experiment is said to have what in terms of validity high internal People that cannot be tracked down and thus, do not finish the study is described as what term? Attrition mortality a threat to internal validity where participants may not complete a study especially with long-term studies; non-random attrition (participants leave in greater numbers from one group vice the other) results in bias delayed effects a threat to internal validity where the treatment takes time to have an effect in such that the change or effect may be difficult to determine or distinguish from other factors; Longitudinal method a type of research in which the same people are studied over a long time period; examines age changes over an extended period of time Developmental Factors in a longitudinal method of experimentation, these are changes in scores or attitudes that result in changes due to age or development Longitudinal method (advantages) 1. Can study development over extended periods of time Longitudinal Method (disadvantages) 1. Expensive to follow cohorts through life role of age in studying development Age has descriptive, not explanatory value cohort effects year of birth measurement effects time of testing Confounding ________ occurs when multiple variables can explain the same phenomenon Sets found in the same folderChapter 9 Factorials35 terms Jeremy_Moffat Research Exam 328 terms Ali_Ma-Gator Other sets by this creatorNarrative Therapy27 terms Jeremy_Moffat Solution-Focused Therapy and Associated Theories38 terms Jeremy_Moffat Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Models68 terms Jeremy_Moffat Recommended textbook solutions
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Which type of experimental design has the least experimental validity?Non-experimental (correlational) research is lowest in internal validity because these designs fail to use manipulation or control.
What are the 4 types of experimental design?Four major design types with relevance to user research are experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational and single subject. These research designs proceed from a level of high validity and generalizability to ones with lower validity and generalizability.
Which of the following is generally a weakness of experimental designs?Weaknesses: The main weakness of the experimental method is their dependence on what many see as an "artificial" environment. People may behave differently in the experimental setting than they would under more ordinary conditions.
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Which of the following experimental designs is a poor design with little scientific value Quizlet
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