Which of the following is mode of transmission of HIV infection from mother to child?

Most people who get HIV get it through anal or vaginal sex, or sharing needles, syringes, or other drug injection equipment (for example, cookers). But there are powerful tools that can help prevent HIV transmission.

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Highlights
Conclusions
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What type of transmission is HIV from mother
What are modes of HIV transmission in children?
What are the 3 modes of HIV transmission?
What are the 4 modes of transmission for HIV?

This section answers some of the most common questions about the risk of HIV transmission for different types of sex, injection drug use, and other activities. You can also download materials about HIV transmission.

Globally, an estimated 1.3 million women and girls living with HIV become pregnant each year. In the absence of intervention, the rate of transmission of HIV from a mother living with HIV to her child during pregnancy, labour, delivery or breastfeeding ranges from 15% to 45%. As such, identification of HIV infection should be immediately followed by an offer of linkage to lifelong treatment and care, including support to remain in care and virally suppressed and an offer of partner services.

In 2019, 85% of women and girls globally had access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). However, high ART coverage levels do not reflect the continued transmission that occurs after women are initially counted as receiving treatment. Achieving retention in care and prevention of incident HIV infections in uninfected populations remain high priorities to reach global elimination targets. Since the global shift to, and accelerated rollout of, highly effective, simplified interventions based on lifelong ART for pregnant women living with HIV, virtual elimination of MTCT – also known as vertical transmission – has been shown to be feasible.

Elimination of MTCT of HIV is strongly supported by global commitments and the promotion of integration of prevention of MTCT interventions into maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health services, as well as strengthened health systems. In addition, improved access to sexual and reproductive health services – including preventing unintended pregnancies and screening and treatment for sexually transmitted infections in women and girls living with HIV – is being actively promoted.

The integration of interventions has led to the Triple Elimination Initiative, which not only promotes person-centered care, but also reduces incidence, morbidity and mortality. The initiative also strengthens disease monitoring through the use of strategic information for response planning.

WHO continues to work in this area, supporting countries to improve and better monitor interventions towards ending the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat by 2030.

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Highlights

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Mother-to-child transmission of HIV occurs intrauterine, intrapartum, and postpartum.

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Intrauterine is the major route of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

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Option B Plus combination antiretroviral therapy reduces mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

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Death occurred only among the HIV-uninfected infants.

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the contributions of intrauterine (IU), intrapartum (IP), and postpartum (PP) transmission to mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 (MTCT) and infant mortality in the first 6 months of life, in the era of Option B Plus combination antiretroviral therapy.

Methods

Plasma for virus load (VL) quantitation was obtained from 451 women enrolled into the study. VL was quantified using the Cepheid GeneXpert HIV-1 quantitative test. Dried blood spots were collected from 453 infants at birth, 4–6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. HIV-1 infant diagnosis was conducted using the Cepheid GeneXpert HIV-1 qualitative test. Absolute and cumulative MTCT rates, and the mortality rate by 6 months were calculated.

Results

Seven mothers (1.55%) had transmitted HIV-1 infection to their infants by 6 months. Four infants (0.88%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26–2.33%) were infected IU, one infant (0.22%, 95% CI 0–1.4%) was infected IP, and two infants (0.44%, 95% CI 0.01–1.7%) were infected PP. The infant mortality rate was 0.88% (95% CI 0.26–2.33%).

Conclusions

In the first 6 months of life, in the era of Option B Plus combination antiretroviral therapy, IU transmission is the major route of MTCT. The cumulative MTCT rate of 1.55% in a breastfeeding population contributes to growing evidence that complete elimination of MTCT is possible.

KEYWORDS

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1

Intrauterine

Intrapartum

Postpartum

Infant mortality

Cepheid GeneXpert point-of-care testing

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What type of transmission is HIV from mother

Perinatal transmission of HIV is when HIV is passed from a woman with HIV to her child during pregnancy, childbirth (also called labor and delivery), or breastfeeding (through breast milk). Perinatal transmission of HIV is also called mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

What are modes of HIV transmission in children?

The three principal modes of transmission of HIV are vertical, parenteral, and sexual. 90% of children with HIV are infected through vertical (perinatal) transmission. The overall risk of vertical HIV transmission in the absence of any intervention is between 20% and 45%.

What are the 3 modes of HIV transmission?

GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV HIV transmission occurs through sexual contact, vertical transmission from mothers to infants, and among injection drug users sharing infected needles, as well as through transfusion of infected blood products.