Which of the following should you least likely identify as a cpr breathing barrier?

8.1.1Hypothermia

Hypothermia is caused by exposure to cold. The urgency of treatment depends on the length of exposure and the victim’s body temperature.

Begin rewarming a victim of hypothermia immediately by moving the victim to a warm environment, removing wet clothing, and wrapping all exposed body surfaces with anything at hand, such as blankets, clothing, and newspapers.

If the hypothermia victim is far from definitive health care, begin active rewarming, although the effectiveness of active rewarming has not been evaluated. (Class 2a, LOE B)(link opens in new window)(link opens in new window)(link opens in new window) {LINK: 2010 Part 17}(link opens in new window)(link opens in new window)(link opens in new window)(link opens in new window)

Active rewarming should not delay definitive care.

Potential methods of active rewarming include placing the victim near a heat source and placing containers of warm, but not hot, water in contact with the skin.

Heat-induced symptoms, often precipitated by vigorous exercise, may include heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke.

Heat cramps are painful involuntary muscle spasms that most often affect the calves, arms, abdominal muscles, and back. First aid for heat cramps includes rest, cooling off, and drinking an electrolyte-carbohydrate mixture, such as juice, milk, or a commercial electrolyte-carbohydrate drink. Stretching, icing, and massaging the painful muscles may be helpful. Exercise should not be resumed until all symptoms have resolved.

Heat exhaustion is caused by a combination of exercise-induced heat and fluid and electrolyte loss through sweat. Signs and symptoms may start suddenly and include:

• nausea
• dizziness
• muscle cramps
• feeling faint
• headache
• fatigue
• heavy sweating

Heat exhaustion is a serious condition because it can rapidly advance to heat stroke which can be fatal. Treat heat exhaustion vigorously by having the victim lie down in a cool place, take off as many clothes as possible, cooling with a cool water spray, and encouraging the victim to drink cool fluids, preferably containing carbohydrates and electrolytes.

Heat stroke and exertional hyperthermia are emergency condition characterized by a core temperature greater than 40°C (104°F) (severe hyperthermia) and central nervous system dysfunction (eg, confusion, seizures, coma). For these individuals, it is important to bring the body’s temperature down as quickly as possible to reduce the risk of organ injury or death. Immediately activate the EMS system and begin immediate cooling.

For adults and children with exertional hyperthermia or heat stroke, first aid providers should move the individual from the hot environment, remove excess clothing, limit exertion, and activate emergency services. (Class 1, LOE C-EO)(link opens in new window) {LINK: 2020 First Aid}(link opens in new window)

For adults with exertional hyperthermia or heatstroke, it is reasonable to initiate immediate active cooling by using whole-body (neck down) cool- to cold-water immersion techniques (1°C–26°C [33.8°F–78.8°F]), when safe, until a core body temperature of <39°C (102.2°F) is reached or neurological symptoms resolve. (Class 2a, LOE C-LD)(link opens in new window) {LINK: 2020 First Aid}(link opens in new window)

For adults with exertional hyperthermia or heatstroke, it may be reasonable to initiate other forms of active cooling, including commercial ice packs, cold showers, ice sheets and towels, cooling vests and jackets, evaporative, fanning, or a combination of techniques, when water immersion is not available. (Class 2b, LOE C-LD)(link opens in new window) {LINK: 2020 First Aid}(link opens in new window)

For children with exertional hyperthermia or heatstroke, it may be reasonable to initiate immediate active cooling by using whole-body (neck down) cool- to cold-water immersion techniques (1°C–26°C [33.8°F–78.8°F]), when safe, until a core body temperature of <39°C (102.2°F) is reached or neurological symptoms resolve. (Class 2b, LOE C-EO)(link opens in new window) {LINK: 2020 First Aid}(link opens in new window)

For children with exertional hyperthermia or heatstroke, it may be reasonable to initiate other forms of active cooling, including commercial ice packs, cold showers, ice sheets and towels, cooling vests and jackets, evaporative cooling, fanning, or a combination, when water immersion is not available. (Class 2b, LOE C-EO)(link opens in new window) {LINK: 2020 First Aid}(link opens in new window)

Methods of preventing drowning include:

• isolation fencing around swimming pools (gates should be self-closing and self-latching)
• use of personal flotation devices (life jackets) while in, around, or on water
• never swimming alone
• avoiding swimming or operating motorized watercraft while intoxicated.

Outcome following drowning depends on the duration of the submersion, the water temperature, and how promptly CPR is started.

Remove the victim rapidly and safely from the water, but do not place yourself in danger.

If you have special training, you can start rescue breathing while the victim is still in the water, providing that it does not delay removing the victim from the water.

Do not waste time trying to remove water with abdominal or chest thrusts as there is no evidence that water acts as an obstructive foreign body. In addition, the abdominal thrusts may result in expulsion of stomach contents that can be aspirated. In addition, the expelled stomach contents can obstruct the upper airway, interfering with delivery of rescue breaths.

Start CPR and, if you are alone, continue with about 5 cycles (about 2 minutes) of chest compressions and breaths before activating EMS.

If 2 rescuers are present, send 1 rescuer to activate EMS immediately, and retrieve emergency equipment, including an AED, if one is nearby.

Which method is most appropriate to use when checking an infant for responsiveness?

Which of the following is the highest priority when responding to a call involving domestic violence?