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Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, Being13th EditionMichael R Solomon 449 solutions HDEV56th EditionSpencer A. Rathus 380 solutions Myers' Psychology for the AP Course3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers 956 solutions Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 901 solutions Children who master ___________ have learned when and how to express emotions. emotional regulation Erik Erikson's third developmental stage during which a strong self-concept develops is called initiative vs guilt Which statement is TRUE of the psychosocial development of typical 2- to 5-year-olds? They have poor self-esteem because they have not mastered emotional regulation. they typically have good self-concepts Which of the following statements about the brain in adulthood is true? Senescence increases production of neurotransmitters. New neurons form and new dendrites grow throughout adulthood. The slowing down of the brain in primary aging may be attributed to: faster cerebral blood flow. reduced production of acetylcholine. A common type of difficulty that older adults have due to brain shrinkage is that it interferes with: remembering words. being able to multitask Due to the shrinkage of the prefrontal cortex as we age, which of the following behaviors might you see in late adulthood? decreased effort in planning occasional inappropriate responses Edward is 71 years old and is taking an adult-education Spanish class. He often finds himself in class having difficulty paying attention, daydreaming, and experiencing intrusive memories from his past. Edward did not have these issues when he was a college student in his 20s. Edward's experience could be explained by which of the following? inefficient control processes inefficient control processes Betty, 78 years old, is experiencing senescence. Which of the following is she most likely to demonstrate? faster physical movement increased reaction time Information must cross what in order to be perceived? the control process the sensory threshold Which of the following hinders the first step in information processing for those in late adulthood? loss of memory sensory-input deficits Which of the following is the possible intellectual ability that is expected to underlie all other aspects of intelligence and is a focus of studies on intelligence in late adulthood? stimuli confusion processing speed Processing information in the conscious mind is to _____ memory as permanent knowledge is to _____ memory. implicit; explicit working; long-term Speed of cognition is crucial especially in: working memory. working memory Researchers have found that older adults who have _____ showed little or no impairment when asked to perform certain working-memory tasks. flashbulb memories time and the ability to concentrate Some older individuals take longer to perceive and process sensations, which reduces _____ because some items fade before they can be considered. recognition working memory Margaret just told her granddaughter that the government is enforcing new education laws but is unable to recall where she received the information. Margaret is demonstrating: source amnesia. source amnesia Susan, 71 years old, has been setting alarms on her cell phone so that she can remember to take her medicine on time. Which type of memory is she compensating for? working memory prospective memory A major threat to elderly cognition and learning is: schizophrenia. stereotype threat Adult cognitive abilities begin to decline around age 60, and there is a particularly notable decline in: inductive reasoning. spacial perception and processing speed Which of the following people would most likely experience a noticeable decline in cognitive functioning? Yolanda, who is 78 years old and goes to the senior center in her neighborhood five times a week Rudy, who is 68 years old and has such severe arthritis that she has difficulty walking or moving about without assistance and has to take pain medication daily Neurocognitive impairment is characterized by: mental confusion and forgetfulness. mental confusion and forgetfulness Alzheimer's disease is characterized by: multiple plaques and tangles in the hippocampus. multiple plaques and tangles in the hippocampus The presence of the gene _______ increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease. ApoE4 ApoE4 When Rosemary viciously accused her daughter-in-law of stealing the spatula that she herself misplaced, she was exhibiting the _____ found in frontotemporal lobular degeneration. impaired social
behavior and emotional regulation impaired social behavior and emotional regulation The second most common cause of major neurocognitive disorder is: dementia. stroke Becky is 70 years old and has Alzheimer's disease. She requires full-time care, does not recognize her family members, and cannot communicate well. Which stage is she in? Stage 1 Stage 4 _____ affects parts of the brain that regulate emotions, personality, and social behaviors. Vascular disease frontal lobe damage Greta is 81 years old and has been experiencing hallucinations. She has some motor difficulty, so she falls frequently. At times she loses attention and behaves inappropriately, as if she has no inhibitions. Which of the following is Greta most likely suffering from? Alzheimer's disease lewy body dementia A measure to slow down the onset of major neurocognitive disorder is: not available; nothing will slow down the onset of dementia. to improve circulation through regular exercise Recent studies have revealed that ________ is the most important nongenetic factor that can actually slow brain deterioration. eating more fat exercising more Neurocognitive disorder that is more likely to be reversible can be related to all of the following EXCEPT: anxiety. strokes Which of the following is not an example of an elderly person engaging in a life review? Barbara is reading a book about traveling the world. Barbara is reading a book about traveling the world An important aspect of the life review is: simple nostalgia. that it improves the emotional well-being of the storyteller Psychosocial development in late adulthood is best understood by looking at clusters of theories such as: stratification theories and identity theories. self theories and stratification theories The most comprehensive self theory was developed by: B. F. Skinner. Erik Erikson Older adults seeking to integrate their unique experiences with their vision of community is what happens during: generativity versus stagnation. integrity vs despair As the elderly adjust to senescence, what is the single most important variable that affects their living a healthy life during that period? focusing on the objects that they possess maintaining a sense of self-concept and identity One way that older adults may attempt to hold on to their identity is to: take
computer classes. hoard personal items Stratification theories are characterized by: psychoanalytic influences.
social forces and cultural influences that limit choice and direct life _________ theory is to role relinquishment as ________ theory is to social involvement. Activity; age-separation disengagement; activity Research shows that, in general, older adults who remain active: are less satisfied with their lives. have better quality health Typically, when a man's wife dies: he will move to an assisted-living facility. he is more likely to live alone than a widowed female Many people keep working long after retirement age because work: provides social support. provides social support Currently, _____ and _____ are more likely to stay employed in their 60s, but for different reasons. professionals; self-employed individuals low-wage nonunionized workers; professionals A preference of the elderly to remain in the same home and community, adjusting but not leaving when health fades, is called: aging at home. aging in place A NORC is a: retirement home. neighborhood that naturally becomes a retirement community Religious institutions fulfill which of the following needs? provide social support both reduce stress and provide social support Long-term marriages are generally characterized by: people who are less happy than younger married people. people who are healthier, wealthier, and happier than unmarried people their age Martin, age 86, is no longer able to bathe and dress himself. He also needs help in eating. He is considered: to
be frail. to be frail Of the following, which is NOT considered an activity of daily life (ADL)? eating shopping for groceries Family caregivers of the frail elderly: experience substantial stress. experience substantial stress Obvious elder abuse is more likely to occur: in hospitals. at home by relatives The risk for elder abuse may occur when: there is social inclusion. the elder person becomes more frail and difficult to care for Developmentalists advocate:
reduced reliance on family-based care for frail elderly. increased help for family members caring for frail elderly from skilled providers According to Erikson, the negative side of crisis in the third developmental stage is __________, not ___________. shame; low self-esteem guilt; shame In which country is it especially important to teach children to control their pride, according to the text? Japan japan In which country is it especially important to teach children to control their fear, according to the text? China united states Make-believe friends that exist only in a child's imagination are called: imaginary friends. imaginary friends The invention of imaginary friends is increasingly common from ages: 3 to 5 2 to 7 The part of the brain in which neurological advances significantly affect the ability to regulate emotion is the: prefrontal cortex. prefrontal cortex By the age of _____, children are less likely to throw temper tantrums. 6 4 or 5 Children may develop _____ to combat loneliness and aid emotional regulation. intrinsic friends imaginary friends Which of the following is something that children do during sociodramatic play? develop a self-concept in a threatening context learn to explain their ideas and persuade playmates Children have difficulty learning how to control their emotions because of: poor communication skills. externalizing and/or internalizing problems When a person expresses powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, he or she is: extrinsically motivated. externalizing problems Research suggests that emotional regulation is learned best with: parents. peers Young children who never play: may have emotional and academic problems later. may have emotional and academic problems later in life Which of the following is an example of parallel play? Children play together and take turns. children play with similar toys in the same proximity but not together Play that mimics aggression, but with no intent to harm, is: rough-and-tumble play. rough and tumble play Rough-and-tumble play: stimulates development of the limbic system. enhances emotional regulation Which type of play allows for children to take on any identity, role, or activity that they choose? onlooker play sociodramatic play Sociodramatic play allows children to: increase their
self-esteem. explore and rehearse social roles Which of the following statements is true about electronic media and children? Children who watch more TV spend less time in constructive interactions. all of these are correct Which one of the following terms refers to a true understanding of the feelings and concerns of another person? antisocial empathy The development of empathy is apparent in a child's: increasingly violent behavior. ability to understand the emotions of others A parent might ask a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" to: model reactive aggression. encourage empathy The difference between empathy and sympathy is that: sympathy is a much stronger feeling, as if a problem were one's own. empathy is feeling sorry with someone Johnny, age 6, suddenly makes an angry face at Alan and kicks him hard for no apparent reason. Johnny is displaying: prosocial behavior. antisocial behavior The feeling of dislike or even hatred for another person is: empathy. antipathy
Feelings and actions that are helpful and kind without a personal motive are: antisocial. prosocial Displaying deliberate prosocial or antisocial behavior requires a child to have: both brain maturation and emotional regulation. both brain maturation and emotional regulation All types of aggression become less frequent by age ____ due to _____. 4; empathy and sympathy 6; brain maturation and emotional regulation
Six-year-old Gemma gets angry at her classmate Ava and tells Ava that she is not going to invite her to her birthday party anymore. Gemma is engaged in what type of aggression? instrumental aggression relational aggression What kind of aggression is an impulsive retaliation for harm that is intentional or unintentional? relational reactive What kind of aggression is unprovoked and involves repeated physical or verbal attacks? bullying bullying It is critical to stop bullying before: middle school. elementary school Many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings continue to be very influential is: Vygotsky. baumrind Baumrind's dimension in which parents vary in standards for responsibility and self-control in their children is called: expectations for maturity. expectations for maturity Baumrind identified ______ parenting styles. five three What is the parenting style in which parents are more likely to use physical punishment? permissive authoritarian Parents who have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children are characterized by Baumrind as: neglectful. permissive Keeva believes that she needs to show her children that she is in charge and has many strict rules about their conduct. At times she spanks her kids or gets them to do what she wants through force. What style of discipline is this? authoritative authoritarian Johnna loves her children dearly but believes that they can do no wrong and that they should be allowed to develop without interference. Accordingly, she accepts whatever they do without control or discipline. Her parenting style could be best described as: permissive. permissive Jose works hard to be respectful and fair toward his children. He tries to consistently enforce preset rules and strongly believes in natural and logical consequences for his children's behavior. His parenting style could be best described as: authoritative. authoritative ________ parents set loving limits with their children, whereas __________ parents can be harsh and rigid. Authoritative; authoritarian authoritative; authoritarian What was a limitation of Baumrind's research on parenting styles? The topic had already been extensively researched. The sample had little economic, ethnic, or cultural diversity. According to longitudinal studies, children who become successful, happy, and generous adults generally have parents who were: authoritative. authoritative Which parenting style tends to result in children who become unhappy and lack self-control? authoritarian permissive Research on parenting styles and their effects on children has found that: neglectful/uninvolved parents raise children who are successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others. permissive parents raise children who lack self-control When thinking about appropriate discipline for children in early childhood, it is important to consider: the risk of injury. theory of mind Physical punishment, such as slapping and spanking, is used more on ______ than on children of any other age group. young children young children Longitudinal research has found that children who are physically punished:
become adults who reject the idea of physically punishing children. are more likely to become bullies, delinquents, and then abusive adults. Physical punishment ________ the possibility of aggression. stops increases Gail says to her son, "After all the cooking and cleaning I've done for you and you are not considerate enough to pick up your toys! Mommy is not going to love you if you don't pick up your toys." This disciplinary technique is: withdrawal of love. psychological control A disciplinary technique in which a child will sit in a chair apart from others for one minute per year of the child's age is: suspension. time-out Research with which disciplinary technique indicated possible damage to a child's creativity, social acceptance, and math achievement? psychological
control psychological control Biological differences between males and females are referred to as: gender differences. sex differences Gender differences involve: the various roles of males
and females prescribed by the culture. the various roles of males and females prescribed by the culture. Which of Freud's psychosexual stages of development occurs at about 3 to 6 years of age? anal phallic Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their mother's exclusive love. He called this: the Electra complex. the oedipus complex Which theory asserts that gender roles are learned and that they are a result of nurture rather than nature? psychoanalytic theory behaviorism Sociocultural theorists indicate that children are most likely to model gender differences after: their parents. their parents Which theory of gender differences credits cultural values and customs for differences between the sexes? behaviorism sociocultral theory Spanking is more likely to occur among each of the following EXCEPT: fathers fathers The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed is referred to as: empathy. emotional regulation Which of the following is a predictor of the start of puberty? body fat body fat During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, each generation reached puberty before the previous one. This is known as the: secular rhythm. secular trend Precocious puberty may result from: pubertal growth. hormones in food Puberty begins with a hormonal signal from the __________ to the _________. gonads; pituitary gland hypothalamus; pituitary gland The route that many hormones follow to trigger the changes of puberty is called: the
HPA axis. the HPA axis Which of the following is another name for the sex glands? pituitary gland gonads The sex glands in a female are called _____, and the sex glands in a male are called _____. the vagina; the penis ovaries; testicles Hormone levels may explain sex differences in psychopathology. Males have twice the rate of _____, and females have twice the rate of _____. depression; schizophrenia schizophrenia; depression At adolescence, the gonads increase the production of sex hormones: ___________ in girls and __________ in boys. androgens; estrogens estradiol; testosterone A _____ is a day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours.
circadian rhythm circadian rhythm The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland regulate hormones that affect: neither stress nor appetite. both stress and appetite Kaytlin, who is a teen, is wide awake at midnight but half asleep all morning. Her hormones are causing: delay in her sleep-wake cycle. changes in her circadian rhythm Some people, especially males, are naturally more alert in the evening than in the morning, a genetic trait called: eveningness. eveningness Teenagers are likely to experience sleep deprivation as a consequence of their: altered circadian rhythm. altered circadian rhythm Sexual development that comes earlier for boys in the twenty-first century: leads to a decrease in self-esteem. increases the likelihood of aggression, lawbreaking activities, and alcohol abuse. A major influence on the age of onset of menarche is: ethnicity. genetics Living in a stressful environment has been found to: result in earlier puberty. result in earlier puberty
Early-maturing girls: tend to be less depressed than late-maturing girls. tend to have lower self-esteem than late-maturing girls For boys, late puberty correlates with: lawbreaking. anxiety and depression Early-maturing boys: are less likely to become depressed. are more likely to be aggressive and abuse alcohol Which statement concerning a teenager's brain growth is true? The reflective areas of the brain develop before the emotional areas do. The limbic system matures before the prefrontal cortex does. What function does the prefrontal cortex serve? It regulates the limbic system. It is responsible for planning ahead and emotional regulation. What is the last part of the brain to mature? brain stem prefrontal cortex Why do emotions rule behavior for many teens? Pubertal hormones target the brain stem. The amygdala matures before the prefrontal cortex does. 25. A longitudinal study of brain scans concluded that teenagers: have brain cells that grow twice as fast as adult brain cells. may look like adults but cognitively are not there yet. The limbic system is responsible for:
the prefrontal cortex. the intense fear and excitement from the amygdala, and it matures before the prefrontal cortex. Young brains have both fast-growing synapses and sections that remain unconnected, which allows new connections to facilitate the acquisition of: moral development. both moral development and creativity A person's idea of how his or her body looks is called: mirror image. body image Girls go on diets because they want to be thinner, partly because: their mothers tell them they need to be thinner and to diet. they want to look like the teens they see in the media and magazines. Which of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa as defined by the American Psychiatric Association? a body mass index of 18 or lower, or loss of more than 10 percent of weight within a month a body mass index of 18 or lower, or loss of more than 10 percent of weight within a month During adolescence, psychosocial development is primarily a search to answer the question: "Who am I?" Who am I? Understanding oneself as unique based on past experiences and future plans is called ________, and a lack of commitment to any set goals or values is called __________. identity achievement; foreclosure identity achievement; role confusion Who is most likely to be expressing identity diffusion? Seth, who keeps changing his mind about what he wants to do Alberto, who is not interested in making other plans but refuses to go to college When 16-year-old Vu agreed with his parents that his career would be to continue the family business, without exploring any other options, he was exhibiting: moratorium. foreclosure Tenisha's decision to join the army and see the world before she settles on her career illustrates the concept of: negative identity. moratorium New religious practices during adolescence are typically:
more conventional. not an indication of a totally new religious identity Which of the following statements is true about vocational identity today? There are thousands of careers for adolescents to choose from when examining vocational identity. There are thousands of careers for adolescents to choose from when examining vocational identity. Which of the following is true of gender identity? Sexual identity refers to cultural and social differences among males and females. Gender identity development is a lifelong process. Research has found that sexual orientation is _____ during adolescence. consistent fluid Applied to adolescent peer relationships, "facilitation" refers to the way that peers: share values and interests. encourage each other to do things that none would do on his or her own. Sex education in Europe: is
comprised of an abstinence-only curriculum. is much more comprehensive than in the United States. The teen pregnancy rate in Europe is _______ the rate in the United States. just a little higher than less than half The fifth of Erik Erikson's eight stages of development (identity versus before adulthood. later during adulthood A mature response to identity crisis in emerging adulthood is: confusion. moratorium Based on a national survey of students entering four-year colleges in the United States in the fall of 2010, the number one "very important" objective in life was: helping others. being well-off financially Aggressive young adults who had been aggressive children: do not want education. rated themselves as conscientious as those who had not been aggressive. What does the term helicopter parent refer to? This is the label used for parents who are not involved with their adolescent children. This is the label used for parents who hover over their emerging-adult children. Michelle is an emerging adult, and if she is like her cohorts, Michelle: is avoiding developing independence. has a stronger link with her parents than was true for previous generations. According to Erikson's theory, the crisis that follows identity achievement is called: intimacy versus isolation. intimacy vs isolation _____ is harmful at every age and in every culture. Social isolation social isolation Another term for intimacy is: affiliation. all of these are correct Friends are crucial during emerging adulthood because they: force a person into criminal and financial trouble. provide a source of advice, companionship, information, and sympathy. Traditionally, male friendships centered on ________, while women's friendships were more centered on _________. difficulties with relatives; activities and interests shared activities; intimate and emotional matters When men talk about relationship difficulties, they generally want to receive ___________; and when women talk about difficulties, they generally want to receive ___________. practical advice; sympathy practical advice; sympathy Male-female friendships: are more common among girls who are very feminine and boys who are very masculine. are more common today among adults than they were in the past. When emerging adults were asked to rate what was most important for a successful marriage, _____ was the most important of all. faithfulness faithfulness According to Sternberg, the three distinct components of love are: intimacy, caring, and
commitment. passion, intimacy, and commitment. In their marriage, Betty and Jim have intimacy and commitment, so they would best represent Sternberg's ________ form of love. companionate companionate The pattern that is most likely to lead to a good partnership is: a "hookup." good communication, financial security, and good physical and mental health An arrangement with a couple living together in a committed sexual relationship but not formally married is referred to as: living in sin. cohabitation The most likely reason for cohabitating is to: try out marriage before making the commitment. try out marriage before making the commitment. A factor that leads to marriages getting better over time is: financial security. financial security When Piaget referred to concrete operations, he meant logic applied in situations that: harden thought patterns very quickly. deal with visible, tangible, real things. Carly is given grapes and strawberries. When asked whether she has more grapes or fruit, she responds, "I have more fruits." Carly is using the logical concept of: reversibility. classification Five-year-old Franz can count to 100, but he cannot correctly estimate where 22 is placed on a number line that starts at 0 and ends at 100. This means that Franz is having problems with: seriation. seriation A significant contribution of Piaget's cognition theory is that he realized that school-age children become: All of these are correct. more flexible in their logic. Piaget stressed _____, whereas Vygotsky stressed the _____. the importance of instruction by others; child's own discovery of concepts sequential development; importance of instruction by others Which aspect of memory has a very large capacity by middle childhood? sensory memory long-term memory Thinking about thinking is called: metacognition. metacognition Decades of research throughout the world has found a strong correlation between academic achievement and: success. socioeconomic status Children growing up in a family of low socioeconomic status: are behind their peers in language skills, reading, and other subjects. are behind their peers in language skills, reading, and other subjects. Maturation of the _____ allows the child to plan, monitor, and evaluate. hindbrain prefrontal cortex This aids quick reaction time and is the process by which a sequence of thoughts and actions is repeated until no conscious thought is required. knowledge base automatization Which of the following is true about child language development by the age of 6? Children at this age use every part of speech to form sentences. Children at this age use every part of speech to form sentences. At what age can most children demonstrate rapid and fluent oral reading (more than 100 words per minute)? 11 to 12 11 to 12
The Common Core Standards Initiative was initiated by the: National Association of Teachers and Administrators. governors of 50 states. If Juan's parents send him to a charter school instead of a public school to enhance his learning, they are probably doing it for the following reason. school size is larger increased extracurricular activities If Billy's fourth-grade teacher assigns daily homework and Jennifer's fourth-grade teacher does not assign daily homework, which of the following statements is true. Jennifer can be expected to have higher achievement scores,
as students who are not assigned homework have been found to have higher achievement scores than those who are assigned homework. Billy and Jennifer can both learn directly, by completing homework, and indirectly, through observation and joint activity. What and how students learn is determined primarily by: ideas from CEOs of major corporations. their culture The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress is referred to as: resistance. resilience The ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort is referred to as: emotional effort. effortful control Freud believed that children's emotional drives and psychosocial needs are quiet during the ______. industry stage latency stage During middle school, a child's self-concept: becomes tied to his or her teachers' perspective. becomes less imaginary and positive and more realistic and specific. Emma, who is in the fourth grade, announces to her mother, "I am the fastest runner in my class, but not in the entire school." Emma is engaging in: social comparison. social comparison Ideally, social comparison helps children to: harbor their imaginary self-evaluation. value their own abilities. Toward the end of middle childhood, ________ becomes more fragile.
self-esteem self-esteem Natsuki, like most Japanese students, excels at mathematics on international tests. She has a high opinion of herself. How will her parents likely respond? Though proud, they will discourage comparisons with other students and any feeling of superiority in their daughter. Though proud, they will discourage comparisons with other students and any feeling of superiority in their daughter. Research on self-concept has identified which of the following as a crucial component in supporting children as their self-awareness develops? providing feedback only when tasks are completed and then critiquing the end products praise for their process and how they do something rather than static characteristics If a child who is rejected by his or her parents establishes a closer relationship with another adult, that child is making a(n) _____ adaptation. significant positive The "child soldiers" in Sierra Leone, ages 10 to 17, were interviewed when the war ended. They were found to have pathological depression and anxiety. However, two to six years later many were functioning normally without the previous symptoms. Which of the following increased that likelihood? They became solely independent. At least one caregiver survived The most important overall family function is to provide: exposure to
religious functions. love and encouragement A crucial factor that is necessary for school-age children to thrive is: adequate education. harmony and stability in the home Shared parenting makes it more likely that children will have someone to: check their homework. read to them and check their homework Which of the following are types of bullying? family,
instinctive, evolutionary physical, verbal, relational, cyber Jacqueline has created a fake Facebook account claiming to be a girl from school whom she dislikes. Jacqueline has posted several "ugly" photos of the girl and negative comments about the girl. What type of bullying is Jacqueline engaged in?
physical cyber As friendships change from preschool to the school-age years, children are most likely to: realize that friendships are not important. demand more of their friends. Older children tend to choose best friends: who are viewed as among the more popular in the group. whose interests, values, and backgrounds are similar to their own. According to research, the most popular young children are:
funny and energetic. kind and cooperative A child who is ignored but not shunned by his or her peers is considered a(n): withdrawn-rejected child. neglected child Rita, who is unpopular among her peers, frequently ridicules and antagonizes other children. Her behavior suggests that she is a(n): neglected child. aggressive-rejected Sierra is a shy and anxious second-grader. Her peers dislike her. She appears to be a(n) _____ child. annoying-rejected withdrawn-rejected Which of the following is a characteristic of both aggressive-rejected and withdrawn-rejected children? They are dominant and aggressive. They tend to misinterpret social situations. Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person is the definition of: bullying. bullying Boys who bully tend to: use relational aggression. use physical aggression Girls who bully tend to use ______ aggression. physical verbal Children who attack others and who are attacked as well are referred to as: proactive victims. bully-victims A review of research on successful ways to halt bullying found that: security guards should be assigned to watch over elementary school children. the whole school must change, not just the identified bullies. The theorist associated with the six stages of moral reasoning is: Kohlberg. Kohlberg According to Kohlberg, the crucial factor in determining which stage of moral reasoning a person is in is: the reasons used to support his or her answers to questions about a moral dilemma. the reasons used to support his or her answers to questions about a moral dilemma. Kohlberg would expect a child whose thought processes are egocentric to display moral reasoning: with a "law and order" orientation. with a punishment and obedience orientation. Because Iris thinks that it is moral to break the law in some circumstances, Kohlberg would place her moral reasoning at the: "good girl" stage. postconvential level Kohlberg's view of children's development of moral reasoning was criticized because he: took into account gender differences but not cultural differences. failed to study moral reasoning in girls. Keeping secrets from adults, not tattling, and trying to not be different from one's peers are examples of: deviant behavior of middle school children. a common set of values for middle school children. Middle childhood is the healthiest period of the life span because: children have learned about
consequences and are more cautious. all of these Compared with the rate of growth during the preschool years, the rate of growth during middle childhood is: slower. slower Sherry is 8 years of age. What developmental time period is she currently in? adolescence middle childhood Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding health habits for children? Children's health habits are strongly influenced by peers and parents. Children's health habits are strongly influenced by peers and parents. _____, the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others, improves by age 7. Executive function selective attention Which of the following is an advantage of playing games? brain development brain development Which of the following is one of the benefits of physical activity? improved academic achievement improved academic achievement What factor has led to children spending less time playing outdoors? "stranger danger" stranger danger Childhood overweight is usually defined as a BMI that is: below the 90th
percentile. above 85% The role of genetics in susceptibility to obesity: is linked to 15 essential genes. is complex because genes influence not only metabolic rate but also food preferences and activity level. Childhood weight correlates with: seasonal allergies high blood pressure What causes childhood obesity? heredity both heredity and parenting practices Genes affect weight by influencing: activity level, hunger, food preference, body type, and metabolism. activity level, hunger, food preference, body type, and metabolism. According to the "hygiene hypothesis": the immune system needs to tangle with microbes when we are young. the immune system needs to tangle with microbes when we are young. Which of the following is a consequence of increasing myelination? greater hemispherization faster thinking and behaving The time it takes to respond to a physical or cognitive stimulus is: emergent reaction time. reaction time A baseball player at bat who ignores the other team's attempts to distract him is engaging in: myelination. selective attention What contributes to a child's increased reaction time? automatization myelination Which of the following is NOT a statement that both psychologists and neuroscientists would agree to regarding brain scans and intelligence? Dendrites form and myelination changes throughout life. A thicker cortex is related to higher intellectual functioning. Edgar is a nonverbal child who is on the autism spectrum and is extremely shy. This is an example of which principle? dyscalculia equifinality Kayla experiences unusual difficulty with math. Which specific learning disorder may she have? dyslexia discalculia Mia had a low IQ, but both of her granddaughters have been identified as gifted. The trend in this example: All of these are correct. flynn effect "Gifted" generally refers to children: with IQ scores above 230. IQ above 130 Neuroscientists agree that brain development: does not continue
throughout life and does not depend on a person's specific experiences. continues throughout life and depends on a person's specific experiences. Children are classified as having an intellectual disability if: they have an IQ score below 80. IQ less than 70 The discipline that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders is: sociocultural psychology. developmental psychopathology A condition in which a child has great difficulty concentrating and is overactive and impulsive is: comorbid syndrome. ADHD Charles has difficulty communicating with others. When he misinterprets a social situation, he may avoid eye contact and totally ignore others or begin yelling at people and throwing items. He may be exhibiting the characteristics of: osteoporosis. autism Childhood medication for ADHD is thought to: have decreased from 1987 to 1996. increase the risk of adolescent drug use One of the most commonly diagnosed learning disabilities involving reading is: dyslexia. dyslexia Which of the following is one of the three signs of an autism spectrum disorder? motor deficits problems in social interactions The rate of autism spectrum disorder is: slowly decreasing. increasing Bree has delayed language development, impaired social skills, and unusual and repetitive play. She is demonstrating signs of: dyscalculia. autism A vast number of treatments have been used to help children with autism spectrum disorder, and: none of them have been completely successful. none of them have been completely successful. Which statement about the psychosocial development of typical 2 to 6 year olds is true quizlet?Which statement about the psychosocial development of typical 2- to 6-year-olds is TRUE? They have immodest self-concepts. The kind of play that involves children interacting and sharing without their play being mutual or reciprocal is: associative.
What is the preeminent psychosocial task between ages 2 and 6?Controlling the expression of feelings, called emotional regulation, is the preeminent psychosocial task between ages 2 and 6.
Which of the following best describes development quizlet?Development is best described as: qualitative and quantitative changes over time. Early childhood development is defined in the field of education as development: from conception and birth to age eight.
Which of the following terms refers to a true understanding of the feelings and concerns of another person?Empathy is a broad concept that refers to the cognitive and emotional reactions of an individual to the observed experiences of another.
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Which statement is true of the psychosocial development of typical 2 to 5 year olds quizlet?
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