Which statement regarding sleep would be expected from a patient diagnosed with major depression

Summary

• If you feel depressed, see your GP.
• Don’t delay. Seek support early to try to avoid symptoms becoming worse.
• Some symptoms of depression, such as fatigue, can be mistaken for a physical illness.
• Professional help is very important, but there are also things you can do every day to help your recovery.
• Education, lifestyle changes, social support and psychological therapy are important treatments for depression.
• People may also require antidepressant medication.
• Medications may take up to six weeks to be effective, so be patient.
• Take the time to find the treatment that’s right for you.

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This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:

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Depression is a mood disorder characterized by intense and persistent feelings of sadness and a loss of interest or enjoyment in things once loved. Major depressive disorder affects how you think and feel and can cause severe emotional symptoms and even thoughts that life isn’t worth living anymore. 

Major depression can affect not only the emotional aspect of one’s life but the physical as well. Patients may stop caring for their hygiene, experience insomnia or sleep too much, overeat or barely eat leading to weight loss or gain. 

The Nursing Process  

Nurses will encounter patients with depression that may be exacerbated by other chronic health conditions. Pain and debilitating physical illnesses often lead to depression. Major depression requires the diagnosis and treatment of trained mental health providers, but nurses are important in offering a therapeutic relationship that allows patients to express their thoughts and feelings while supporting them holistically and maintaining their safety. 

Nursing Care Plans Related to Major Depression 

Self-Care Deficit Care Plan 

Major depression can affect the patient’s motivation and energy in completing self-care tasks. 

Nursing Diagnosis: Self-Care Deficit

Related to: 

• Lack of motivation 
• Lack of energy 
• Loss of interest 
• Insomnia or oversleeping 
• Preoccupation with thoughts 
• Anxiety 
• Severe fatigue 

As evidenced by: 

• Altered sleep schedules (sleeping very late or not enough) 
• Poor appearance, body odor, disheveled clothing 
• Weight loss from eating inconsistently 
• Cluttered or messy living environment 

Expected Outcomes: 

• Patient will bathe at least every other day and dress in clean clothing daily 
• Patient will drink at least 5 glasses of water and eat 2-3 nutritious meals daily 
• Patient will improve sleep habits by instituting a set bedtime and wake time 

Self-Care Deficit Assessment

1. Assess barriers to self-care.
Depression itself is a barrier but the nurse can delve further into the causes of the patient’s poor self-care. The patient may lack the energy, time, assistance, or may feel the tasks are unimportant.

2. Assess for a support system.
The patient may not necessarily need physical help with tasks, though that should be assessed as well. A support person can mentally and emotionally encourage the depressed patient to participate in their self-care.

3. Assess medication regimen.
The depressed patient likely takes anti-depressants as well as anti-anxiety and sleep aids. These all have relaxing effects and increase drowsiness. Assess how the patient is taking these medications to ensure they are not over-using.

Self-Care Deficit Interventions

1. Encourage and coach.
A patient with depression has a slower, clouded thought process and difficulty concentrating. They may need step-by-step guidance to complete even simple tasks.

2. Provide a routine and schedule.
Setting a specific sleep/wake schedule and routine for eating, grooming, and dressing can help motivate the patient.

3. Eat with others.
Encourage the patient to eat with family and friends or other patients if applicable to increase socialization.

4. Provide nutritious snacks, meals, and fluids.
The patient with depression may lack an appetite and the energy to prepare meals. Ensure the patient is drinking plenty of water and provide nutritious snacks such as fruit, nut butters, yogurt, or granola that are easily accessible with minimal preparation.

Hopelessness Care Plan 

A patient with major depression may feel no sense of purpose and no way out of their pessimistic state of mind. 

Nursing Diagnosis: Hopelessness

Related to: 

• Social Isolation 
• Long-term stress 
• Loss of spiritual beliefs 
• Depressed cognitive functions (thinking, decision making) 

As evidenced by: 

• Verbalized belief that nothing can be changed and no reason to do so 
• Passivity 
• No response to positive or negative stimuli 
• Decreased affect 
• Lack of initiative 
• Loss of interest in life 
• Increased or decreased sleep 
• Sighing, not making eye contact, no verbalization 
• Substance abuse 
• Self-harm 
• Suicidal ideation 

Expected Outcomes: 

• Patient will verbalize their feelings regarding hopelessness 
• Patient will identify coping mechanisms to improve feelings of hopelessness 
• Patient will set short and long-term goals to develop and maintain a positive outlook 

Hopelessness Assessment

1. Assess additional causes beyond depression.
Depression compounded by job loss, relationship strains, legal concerns, financial stress, and other chronic health conditions can worsen hopelessness and may require their own specific interventions.

2. Assess for negative coping mechanisms.
These can include increasing sleep, drug use, risky sexual behaviors, avoiding responsibility, self-sabotaging progress, and self-harm.

3. Determine spiritual beliefs.
Determine if the patient has a strong sense of spirituality and if it has recently changed or become a source of hopelessness. Religious beliefs can be a source of hope but also cause added stress and inadvertently harm the patient’s mental health.

Hopelessness Interventions

1. Build a trusting relationship.
A trusting, supportive rapport will allow the patient a safe space to address their thoughts and feelings.

2. Help the patient recognize their control.
The patient may have a skewed understanding of what is or isn’t in their control. Help the patient recognize misconceptions and accept only what is within their ability to change.

3. Encourage counseling/therapy.
Major depression requires the interventions of a trained mental health professional. Psychologists can help with acceptance and adaption to life changes, help set realistic goals, and help develop skills to cope.

4. Help identify positive coping behaviors.
Assist the patient in identifying coping behaviors they have used in the past that were effective or activities they once enjoyed that can help now. Examples include journaling, music, dance, sports, traveling, spending time outside, or playing with a pet.

Risk For Suicide Care Plan

Patients with major depression that is not controlled may experience greater feelings of hopelessness which is associated with suicidal thoughts. 

Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Suicide

Related to: 

• Feelings of hopelessness 
• History of previous suicide attempt 
• Stockpiling medications 
• Giving away possessions 
• Sudden euphoric recovery from major depression 
• A change in behavior or attitude 
• Threats to kill oneself or a desire to die 
• Living alone or lack of a support system 

Note: A risk diagnosis is not evidenced by signs and symptoms as the problem has not yet occurred and the goal of nursing interventions is aimed at prevention. 

Expected Outcomes: 

• Patient will remain safe from suicide or self-injury 
• Patient will identify factors contributing to thoughts of suicide 
• Patient will participate in therapy sessions and willingly attempt to change depression symptoms 

Risk For Suicide Assessment

1. Assess for a suicide plan.
A patient should be directly asked if they want to kill themself and if they have a specific plan to do so to determine intent.

2. Note the use of drugs or alcohol.
Assess if a patient is using drugs or alcohol or abusing prescribed medications. Easy access to pain medication, benzodiazepines, and anti-depressants can be dangerous for a suicidal patient.

Risk For Suicide Interventions

1. Present a positive attitude.
Structure statements and actions in a positive “can do” way instead of “do not.” An example is “You can go for a walk today” or “You get to see your family tomorrow.”

2. Acknowledge suicide and consequences.
The nurse can acknowledge suicide as an option while also discussing the reality of that option and its consequences. Inquire about how suicide will solve the patient’s problems and offer alternatives.

3. Administer medications.
Medications such as anti-depressants, benzodiazepines, and antipsychotics should be given in a controlled and monitored setting.

4. Promote safety.
If on an inpatient behavioral health unit, the patient may require 1:1 supervision to ensure safety. Items that could be used to harm themselves such as clothing items, cords, and sharp objects should be removed.

5. Continually re-evaluate suicide risk.
Especially after mood changes and at discharge as a patient who is feeling better is at the highest risk for suicide because they may now have the energy to carry out their suicide.

References and Sources

1. Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes. (2018, February 3). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved March 17, 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007
2. Doenges, M. E., Moorhouse, M. F., & Murr, A. C. (2008). Nurse’s Pocket Guide Diagnoses, Prioritized Interventions, and Rationales (11th ed.). F. A. Davis Company.
3. Mufson, L., Bufka, L., & Wright, C. V. (2016, October 1). Overcoming depression: How psychologists help with depressive disorders. American Psychological Association. Retrieved March 17, 2022, from https://www.apa.org/topics/depression/overcoming
4. Smith, M., Robinson, L., & Segal, J. (2021, October). Coping with Depression. HelpGuide.org. Retrieved March 17, 2022, from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/depression/coping-with-depression.htm

Which symptoms will be experienced by a patient with major depressive disorder select all that apply?

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